Wales Millennium Centre

{{main|Cardiff Bay Opera House}}

File:Cropped image of site before the construction of the WMC.jpg

Wales Millennium Centre replaced an earlier project for the site, the Cardiff Bay Opera House, a plan supported by the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation to construct a permanent home for the Welsh National Opera.{{cite web|url=http://americanairlines.wcities.com/en/guide/entertainment/7/guide.html |publisher=American Airlines |title=Entertainment |access-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117071627/http://americanairlines.wcities.com/en/guide/entertainment/7/guide.html |archive-date=17 November 2007 }}

An international design competition attracted 268 international applicants,{{cite news |url= http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/architecture/story/0,,2263977,00.html |publisher= Guardian Media Group |title= Zaha Hadid |access-date=1 May 2008 | location=London | first=Lynn | last=Barber | date=9 March 2008}} and was won by Iraq-born architect Zaha Hadid. Her avant-garde design was so radical that she and a selection of other applicants were asked to submit revised designs for a second round of competition{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19960114/ai_n9636266 |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc. |title=A monumental spot of local trouble |access-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224101146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19960114/ai_n9636266 |archive-date=24 February 2009 }}—which she again won{{cite web |url= http://www.bdonline.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=3089962|publisher=Building Design|title=Diva Zaha steals the show in Cardiff Bay |access-date=4 March 2008}} with "a sleek and dazzling complex of sharp lines and surfaces that she compared to an 'inverted necklace'".{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEED91539F936A15751C1A963958260 |work= New York Times |title= Britain Rejects Welsh Opera's Plea for Financing|access-date=4 March 2008 | first=John | last=Darnton | date=25 December 1995}}

In December 1995 the Millennium Commission, the body which distributed funds from the UK National Lottery, decided against lottery funding for the project. It was suggested that the bid failed because of "the unpopular Conservative government's fear of controversy", favouring the funding of projects perceived as more populist, such as the Millennium Stadium.Review by Raymund Ryan of {{cite web|url=http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0498/ap98carf.htm |title=Opera House Lottery: Zaha Hadid and the Cardiff Bay Project by Nicholas Crickhowell |access-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908081735/http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0498/ap98carf.htm |archive-date=8 September 2008 }} at Metropolis in Review, April 1988

After the Cardiff Bay Opera House project was rejected, a new project was conceived that included more than opera and was felt to be a better reflection of Welsh culture. The change of name symbolised this, but the project still had to overcome many hurdles. Funding from the Welsh Assembly and Millennium Commission took years to obtain. Cardiff Council had to buy the land after the previous owners, Grosvenor Waterside (the property division of Associated British Ports) threatened to build a retail centre there due to the delays.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1002523.stm |publisher=BBC |title= Plans to sell Millennium Centre site|access-date=4 March 2008 | date=2 November 2000}}{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/945475.stm |publisher= BBC |title= Wales Millennium Centre site 'saved' |access-date=12 April 2008 | date=29 September 2000}} Further boosts were given by large donations from South African businessman Donald Gordon and a loan from the international bank, HSBC. The £20 million donation from Donald Gordon was split evenly between the Royal Opera House and Wales Millennium Centre and was spread over five years. This is believed to be the largest single private donation ever made to the arts in the UK.{{cite web

|url=http://www.donaldgordon.org/projects/royalop.htm

|publisher=Donald Gordon Foundation

|title=Donald Gordon donates £20 million to Royal Opera and Wales Millennium Centre

|access-date=12 April 2008

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516132314/http://www.donaldgordon.org/projects/royalop.htm

|archive-date=16 May 2008

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In addition to the two main theatres, the Donald Gordon Theatre and the Weston Studio, the {{convert|37000|m2|adj=on}} phase 1 of Wales Millennium Centre has several function rooms. Urdd Gobaith Cymru has a hostel with overnight accommodation for 153 people in en suite bedrooms, called the Urdd City Sleepover.{{cite web |url= http://www.urdd.org/en/cardiff/centre|publisher= Urdd Gobaith Cymru|title= The Centre|access-date=17 July 2011}}

It also has a performance and teaching space in the Urdd Hall/Theatre, with 153 retractable seats.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=198213CE-F3AF-D847-31B23075815D1592 |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Theatrical Productions |access-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023134047/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=198213CE-F3AF-D847-31B23075815D1592 |archive-date=23 October 2007 }}

The building also includes rehearsal rooms, orchestral facilities for the Welsh National Opera, dance studios and the Blue Room, with seating for up to 100, for National Dance Company Wales in the Dance House.

There are three bars; the Awen Bar on level 2, the Horizons Bar on level 4, and the Stones Bar on level 5.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=D16F0F2B-65B8-F208-57361988A23573A3 |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Eat, drink, shop |access-date=1 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023134851/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=D16F0F2B-65B8-F208-57361988A23573A3 |archive-date=23 October 2007 }} The café-bar Ffwrnais is situated in the foyer, along with the wine bar One. Free performances occasionally take place in the foyer on the Glanfa stage.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?alias=events |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Enjoy free performances |access-date=1 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216112122/http://wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?alias=events |archive-date=16 February 2009 }}

File:Wales Millennium Cente during construction, Cardiff Bay.jpg

Wales Millennium Centre was designed by Jonathan Adams of local practice Percy Thomas Architects{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/wmc/pages/jonathan_adams.shtml |publisher= BBC Wales |title= Building for the Nation |access-date= 13 March 2008 |archive-date= 12 January 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080112224328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/wmc/pages/jonathan_adams.shtml |url-status= dead }} (taken over by Capita Group in 2004Gates, C. PFI fells Welsh giant Building Design, Issue 1630, 18 June 2004, p.1), with Arup Acoustics as the acoustic designer and building engineer. His first concept drawings were made in early 1998, and by 1999 his design had started to look more like the building it is today.

Construction began on 25 February 2002. The main contractor was Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd,{{cite web

|url=http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.php?section=Culture&F=1&id=5348

|publisher=goholidays.net

|title=Work starts on Wales Millennium Centre

|access-date=7 February 2008

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223211759/http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.php?section=Culture&F=1&id=5348

|archive-date=23 February 2009

}} Kelsey Roofing Industries Ltd was the roofing contractor,{{cite web|url=http://www.whitbybird.com/projects/project.asp?id=344 |publisher=Ramboll Whitbybird Limited |title=Wales Millennium Centre roof windload analysis |access-date=7 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223180747/http://www.whitbybird.com/projects/project.asp?id=344 |archive-date=23 February 2009 }} and Carr and Angier were theatre consultants. Other contractors included Stent (foundations), Swansea Institute of Higher Education, now part of University of Wales Trinity Saint David (glass), GH James Cyf (stonemasonry), Rimex (stainless steel), Alfred McAlpine (slate), Coed Cymru (wood), Ann Catrin Evans (door furniture) and Amber Hiscott (etchings on glass walls).

The architect's concept was a building that expressed "Welshness" and was instantly recognisable.{{cite web|url=http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wales/ |publisher=SPG Media Limited |title=Wales Millennium Centre |access-date=10 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009221730/http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wales/ |archive-date=9 October 2007 }} The building was designed to reflect many different parts of Wales with local Welsh materials that dominate its history: slate, metal, wood and glass.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=D18D5819-65B8-F208-5507AC05466044E0 |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Vision – Unmistakably Welsh and internationally outstanding |access-date=10 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013125021/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=D18D5819-65B8-F208-5507AC05466044E0 |archive-date=13 October 2007 }} Many of the materials used come from Wales, including 1,350 tonnes of Welsh slate. A million metres of electric cable and 300,000 concrete blocks were also used in construction.{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/27/arts.artsnews |work= The Guardian |title= Arts opening is moment of national pride for Wales |access-date=12 April 2008 | location=London | first=Maev | last=Kennedy | date=27 November 2004}}

Slate

File:Slate cladding of the Wales Millennium Centre.jpg

The exterior of the building is clad in multi-coloured slate collected from Welsh quarries. Narrow windows are built into the layers of slate to give the impression of rock strata in sea cliffs. The purple slate came from the Penrhyn Quarry, the blue from Cwt y Bugail Quarry, the green from the Nantlle Valley, the grey from Llechwedd quarry, and the black from the Corris Quarry.

I always loved going to Ogmore and Southerndown. I thought the cliffs there looked like a building anyway. A building capable of withstanding the roughest weather for hundreds of years. The older they get, the better they look. I wondered if it would be possible to make a building which had the same qualities as these magnificent cliffs. To do that I needed a lot of stone. Normal stone for buildings has to be specially cut into blocks; it takes a long time to make and costs a fortune. But in north Wales the historic slate industry has left behind whole mountains of waste stone that no-one wants. This was stone cut from the mountainside for nearly two hundred years but which wasn't good enough to make roof slates. Over 90% was thrown away. But it was ideal for making walls like the one I had in mind... —architect Jonathan Adams{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=149683CE-9891-66AE-205150D73736DC50 |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Stone |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025101331/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=149683CE-9891-66AE-205150D73736DC50 |archive-date=25 October 2007 }}

Metal

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Wales Millennium Centre's main feature, the bronze coloured dome which covers the Donald Gordon Theatre, is clad in stainless steel. The light bronze colour is an optical effect, rather than an applied colour, and is created by the 'Rimex' chemical process which thickens the transparent oxide coating of the metal to cause light interference, as occurs in natural iridecence. It was designed to withstand the weather conditions on the Cardiff Bay waterfront and to look increasingly better with age. The architect, Jonathan Adams, decided not to use copper and aluminium as they would both change colour with age and weather conditions.

We all know that steel making has been important to south Wales, just as slate making has changed the landscape of the north. We have to use a special type of steel that won't go rusty near to the salt-laden, maritime air of Cardiff Bay. This stainless steel will be made near to Pontypool. For the Wales Millennium Centre I thought it was important that the materials should have a "natural" texture, and that they should be instantly recognisable to anyone seeing them, even from a distance. For this reason I felt it was important that the steel of the shell should have the rough grain and the riveted pattern that we think of as more typical of old industrial structures, such as those that used to be commonplace around the landscape of the industrial south. —Jonathan Adams{{cite web

|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=15263D53-B634-D71B-B78F0C0F2E64AF9D

|publisher=Wales Millennium Centre

|title=Metal

|access-date=2 March 2009

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025101015/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=15263D53-B634-D71B-B78F0C0F2E64AF9D

|archive-date=25 October 2007

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Wood

File:Inside the Wales Millennium Centre (geograph 6658598) (cropped).jpg

Both the inside and outside of the building – including the main Donald Gordon Theatre, the balconies and the rear of the building – are dominated by bands of hardwood lining the walls.

Like the exterior of the building, the principal internal spaces are designed to make the best use of natural materials in their natural state. The structure and detail of the concourse galleries echo the form of the exterior, with the curving strata formed in native hardwoods. Oak, ash, beech, sycamore, alder, birch, chestnut and cherry woods from renewable sources in mid-Wales will be used together in proportions that reflect their relative availability from the forest. The design of the concourse galleries is intended to evoke the image of the edge of the forest, partly as a counterpoint to the coastal nature of the exterior, and partly because the edge of the forest in folklore and mythology represents a line between the real world and the magical world, a line which resembles the front edge of the theatre stage. The form of trees is created by the interweaving curvature of the gallery edges, and by the random positioning of the supporting columns. —Jonathan Adams{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=14A58368-9A8E-3D72-8CAD89BF4D2D456F |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Wood |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030082239/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=14A58368-9A8E-3D72-8CAD89BF4D2D456F |archive-date=30 October 2007 }}

Glass

Image:WMC Window.jpg

Glass was used to incorporate into the bands of slate. It is {{convert|15|cm|adj=on}} thick and was cut and installed by the Architectural Glass Department at Swansea Institute of Higher Education. Glass is not used in the contemporary British architectural style of the glass curtain.

Jonathan Adams said, "The glass veins in the external walls of the Wales Millennium Centre make use of conventional glass in a unique way: the sheets of glass are stacked together and fused in a kiln to form solid blocks."{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=1536CE3B-0C36-72E7-43CCDFD61CF8AA74 |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Glass |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027013407/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=1536CE3B-0C36-72E7-43CCDFD61CF8AA74 |archive-date=27 October 2007 }}

Calligraphy

File:MillenniumCentre.jpg: Wales Millennium Centre illuminated at night]]

{{Quote box

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| quote= The inscription in the front of the building in Welsh reads:
CREU GWIR
FEL GWYDR
O FFWRNAIS AWEN
(Creating Truth Like Glass From Inspiration's Furnace).{{cite web |url= http://www.gwynethlewis.com/biog_millenniumcentre.shtml|publisher=gwynethlewis.com

|title= Wales Millennium Centre|access-date=7 November 2015}}
The inscription in English reads:
IN THESE STONES
HORIZONS
SING

}}

Inscribed on the front of the dome, above the main entrance are two lines written by Welsh poet Gwyneth Lewis in Welsh and English. The lettering is formed by windows in the upstairs bar areas and is internally illuminated at night.

The idea of this monumental inscription comes from Roman classical architecture. The Romans brought Christianity to these islands, along with the custom of engraving stone. The form of the Celtic cross embodies the cross-fertilisation of indigenous and Roman cultures, from which the Welsh nation first emerged. The monumental inscription is a familiar feature of Roman architecture. The inscription over the entrance of the Wales Millennium Centre is a revival of this classical tradition, and also a recognition of the formative influence of Roman culture upon our nation. We're lucky to have two languages; one that we share with half the world and one which belongs just to us. Words in songs, stories and poems have helped to make Wales the proud country that it is. —Jonathan Adams{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=154129E7-E320-2A9C-343919F93494A7AE |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Calligraphy |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030082019/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=154129E7-E320-2A9C-343919F93494A7AE |archive-date=30 October 2007 }}

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Gwyneth Lewis said of the inscription:

I wanted the words to reflect the architecture of the building. Its copper dome reminded me of the furnaces from Wales's industrial heritage and also Ceridwen's cauldron, from which the early poet Taliesin received his inspiration ('awen'). Awen suggests both poetic inspiration and the general creative vision by which people and societies form their aspirations. [...] It was important to me that the English words on the building should not simply be a translation of the Welsh, that they should have their own message. The strata of the slate frontage of the Wales Millennium Centre reminded me of the horizons just beyond Penarth Head. The sea has, traditionally, been for Cardiff the means by which the Welsh export their best to the world and the route by which the world comes to Cardiff. The stones inside the theatre literally sing with opera, musicals and orchestral music, and I wanted to convey the sense of an international space created by the art of music. —Gwyneth Lewis{{cite web |url=http://www.gwynethlewis.com/millenniumcentre.shtml |publisher=www.gwynethlewis.com |title=In These Stones Horizons Sing|access-date=1 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070330103244/http://www.gwynethlewis.com/millenniumcentre.shtml |archive-date = 30 March 2007}}

In These Stones Horizons Sing is also an orchestral work, composed by Karl Jenkins and commissioned by Wales Millennium Centre for the building's opening.

The building was officially opened on the weekend of 26–28 November 2004. Bryn Terfel organised the ceremony and was the creative director of the weekend.{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/27/arts.artsnews|publisher= The Guardian|title= Arts opening is moment of national pride for Wales|access-date=11 February 2023}}

Day 1 {{endash}} 26 November 2004

File:Plaque at the WMC, Cardiff.jpg

The day started with a speech from Wales Millennium Centre chairman Lord Rowe-Beddoe, who declared that the proceedings were underway. This was followed by a speech from Rhodri Morgan, the First Minister, who stressed that the new arts centre belonged to the whole nation, that it was for all of the people of Wales and not just for the elite.

The building was opened by Janet Thickpenny, a young mother from Barry, who was chosen because her 40th birthday coincided with the opening day.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4046535.stm |publisher= BBC News |title= Arts lovers' key role in opening |access-date=10 March 2008 | date=26 November 2004}} A human chain delivered the symbolic key, designed and cast by Ann Catrin Evans, to Janet. This was accompanied by a fanfare from the National Youth Brass Band of Wales to Karl Jenkins' specially commissioned work In These Stones Horizons Sing, and Wales Millennium Centre was open.

The evening celebrations began with Cymru for the World, which celebrated the achievements of five leading Welsh artists; Gwyneth Jones, Shirley Bassey, Siân Phillips, Alun Hoddinott and Richard Burton, represented by his daughter Kate Burton. This included tributes from Robert Hardy, Jonathan Pryce, Derek Jacobi, Nana Mouskouri, Catrin Finch, Ruth Madoc and Ian McKellen.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4047799.stm |publisher= BBC News |title= Beginning at the beginning |access-date=10 March 2008 | date=27 November 2004}} The concert was directed by Ken Caswell and conducted by David Charles Abell.

Bryn Terfel started with a short speech and introduced the Wales Millennium Centre singers and dancers, who in hard hats and donkey jackets sang and danced the story of the building's construction. They were later joined by all 322 participants in a chorus, including Gwyn Hughes Jones and Bryn Terfel. Dennis O'Neill sang a duet from Pearl Fishers. Diversions performed a new ballet based on one of Alun Hoddinott's works. The Welsh National Opera performed the final scene of Beethoven's Fidelio in their new home. The evening ranged included many types of music, from popular to classical.

Day 2 {{endash}} 27 November 2004

On the second day, the doors opened for the public to explore the building. A continuous stream of people filled through the building during the day, which concluded with a fireworks display in the Roald Dahl Plass.

Day 3 {{endash}} 28 November 2004

The final day of the opening weekend began with the arrival of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip and the Prince of Wales, who met First Minister Rhodri Morgan and Lord Rowe-Beddoe, and marked the event by unveiling a plaque. A key was presented to the Queen by Richard Burton's granddaughter, Charlotte Frances. Philip Madoc, Siân Phillips, Gaby Roslin, Michael Ball, Charlotte Church, Catrin Finch and Only Men Aloud! were among the artists that entertained the audience during the first act. The second act was opened by Welsh National Opera and later the Kirov Ballet and Cirque Éloize entertained the audience. Bryn Terfel ended the celebrations.

File:Cabaret - Wales Millennium Centre.jpg

The 2022/23 refurbishment of Wales Millennium Centre started with the opening of an immersive theatre space called Bocs (Welsh for box) on 27 August 2022. It has a programme of 360° films and projections, as well as extended reality experiences, including augmented reality, mixed reality and virtual reality.{{cite web|url=https://nation.cymru/culture/wales-millennium-centre-launches-dedicated-immersive-and-extended-reality-arts-venue/ |title=Wales Millennium Centre launches dedicated immersive and extended reality arts venue|access-date=12 May 2023|work=Nation.Cymru|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816043356/https://nation.cymru/culture/wales-millennium-centre-launches-dedicated-immersive-and-extended-reality-arts-venue/|url-status=live}} It was announced in September 2022 that a £4 million refurbishment of Wales Millennium Centre would take place and would include an area for cabaret acts, a redesigned foyer and new ticketing office, a {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} long bar, a members’ bar and lounge, and bespoke seating areas.{{cite news |url= https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/projects/wales-millennium-centre/?cf-view&cf-closed|website= www.worldconstructionnetwork.com|title= Wales Millennium Centre (WMC), Cardiff, Wales|access-date=8 November 2024| date=20 June 2024}}{{cite news |url= https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/first-look-wales-millennium-centres-25118090|website= www.business-live.co.uk|title= First look at Wales Millennium Centre's major £4m renovation project|access-date=12 May 2023| date=28 September 2022}} The new 140-seat cabaret venue,{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzmag.co.uk/whats-on/queerway-2/2023-02-04/ |title=Wales Millennium Centre's new Cabaret room opens with Luke Hereford's Queerway|access-date=12 May 2023|website=www.buzzmag.co.uk|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507024122/https://www.buzzmag.co.uk/whats-on/queerway-2/2023-02-04/|url-status=live}} which replaced Ffresh restaurant/bar, is simply called Cabaret. It presents drag, comedy, burlesque, and gig theatre performances and opened in February 2023.{{cite news |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/gallery/first-look-inside-wales-millennium-26180174 |website= www.walesonline.co.uk |title= First look inside Wales Millennium Centre's new inclusive cabaret bar|access-date=12 May 2023 | first=Ffion| last=Lewis | date=7 February 2023}} The refurbishment was carried out by interior designers Richard H Powell trading as Powell.

• 2005 Gold Medal for Architecture at the National Eisteddfod of Wales{{cite news |url= https://eisteddfod.wales/archive/eisteddfod-winners/gold-medal-architecture-winners |publisher= National Eisteddfod of Wales |title= Gold Medal for Architecture Winners |access-date= 1 May 2021 |archive-date= 24 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210124111413/https://eisteddfod.wales/archive/eisteddfod-winners/gold-medal-architecture-winners |url-status= dead }}
• 2005 RIBA Wales award{{cite news |url= https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/archive/riba-awards-wales-2 |publisher= Architects' Journal |title= RIBA Awards / Wales |access-date=1 May 2021|date=23 June 2005}}
• 2005 MIPIM Awards (Hotels & Tourism resorts){{cite news |url= https://evessio.s3.amazonaws.com/customer/0e89c2ed-66be-4dd2-a777-78750418e7ce/event/5e8db7fc-ebbb-4769-b3ba-b59d6be5fc03/media/General_Content/f803fa38-node_MIPIM_Awards_Winners_2005.pdf |publisher= MIPIM |title= MIPIM Awards 2005 |access-date=1 May 2021}}
• Sustainability and Environmental Impact award from the British Institute of Facilities Management{{cite news |url= https://cynnalcymru.com/queens-award-wales-millennium-centre/ |publisher= Cynnal Cymru - Sustain Wales |title= The Sustainable Development Charter congratulates... |access-date= 1 May 2021 |archive-date= 1 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501211703/https://cynnalcymru.com/queens-award-wales-millennium-centre/ |url-status= dead }}
• 2005 Interior of the Year award from FX{{cite news |url= https://www.capitaproperty.co.uk/projects/buildings/wales-millennium-centre/ |publisher= Capita |title= Wales Millennium Centre |access-date=1 May 2021}}

File:Hoddinott Hall WMC.jpg

Phase 2 of Wales Millennium Centre is home to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales (BBC NOW) and the BBC National Chorus of Wales. BBC NOW moved from Studio 1 at Broadcasting House in Llandaff, which the orchestra had outgrown since the late 1960s.{{cite web|url= http://www.arup.com/News/2009-01%20January/23-01-09-New_BBC_concert_hall_broadcasts_inaugural_performance.aspx|publisher= Arup|title= New BBC concert hall broadcasts inaugural performance|access-date= 19 June 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100114143845/http://arup.com/News/2009-01%20January/23-01-09-New_BBC_concert_hall_broadcasts_inaugural_performance.aspx|archive-date= 14 January 2010|url-status= dead}} Phase 2 opened on 22 January 2009 with an inaugural concert performed by the BBC NOW and conducted by Thierry Fischer.{{cite web |url= http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=748EC6BD-9F3F-361A-34A8B4133F94F17E|publisher= Wales Millennium Centre |title= Inaugural Concert |access-date=5 October 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} Phase 2 includes the 350-seater BBC Hoddinott Hall ({{langx|cy|Neuadd Hoddinott y BBC}}),{{cite web |url= http://www.mvdaily.com/news/item.cgi?id=301750|publisher= Music & Vision |title= Alun Hoddinott (1929–2008)|access-date=31 January 2009}} also known simply as Hoddinott Hall, which is named after the late Welsh classical composer Alun Hoddinott (11 August 1929 – 12 March 2008),{{cite web |url= http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Hoddinott-Alun.htm |publisher= The Bach Cantatas Website |title= Alun Hoddinott (Composer)|access-date=12 April 2008}} and the Grace Williams Studio, which is named after another Welsh composer, Grace Williams (19 February 1906 – 10 February 1977), and is used as a centre for education and outreach work.{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/01/15/pupils-help-to-launch-bbc-orchestra-s-new-home-91466-22695430/ |publisher=Media Wales |title=Pupils help to launch BBC Orchestra's new home |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221105133/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/01/15/pupils-help-to-launch-bbc-orchestra-s-new-home-91466-22695430/ |archive-date=21 February 2009 }} Phase 2 also has space for practice rooms, a music library and backstage facilities,{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/foi/docs/annual_reports_and_reviews/nations_annnual_reviews/Wales_Annual_Review_2006_07_Part_2.pdf |publisher= BBC |title= BBC Cymru Wales Annual Review 2006/2007 |access-date=12 April 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} and provides a four-storey office space.{{cite web |url= http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/projects/?id=8599|publisher= Sir Robert McAlpine |title= BBC Hoddinott Hall |access-date=1 February 2009}}

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center|direction=vertical|align=left|image1=WMC BBC Hoddinott Hall.jpg|image2=Completed Hoddinott Hall WMC1.jpg|width=200|caption1=During construction of phase 2 (C Bay)|caption2=Offices of the Arts Council of Wales (red brick) and BBC Hoddinott Hall (far right – blue slate)}}

The original plans for Wales Millennium Centre were that it would have a concert hall,{{cite news |url= http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5619811.ece |work= The Times|title= Hoddinott Hall is new patriotic music venue |access-date=31 January 2009 | location=London | first=Paul | last=Driver | date=1 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} but the final design of phase 1 did not include one. Instead, space was left for a concert hall to be built after phase 1 opened in 2004, and construction on phase 2 was then due to begin early in 2005.{{cite web|url=http://www.capitasymonds.co.uk/ournews/article.asp?newsid=805 |publisher=Capita Symonds |title=Official opening of the Wales Millennium Centre |access-date=4 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223181734/http://www.capitasymonds.co.uk/ournews/article.asp?newsid=805 |archive-date=23 February 2009 }} However, phase 2 construction did not actually begin until April 2007. Phase 2 was designed to fit into Wales Millennium Centre's curved slate frontage, with an upper part constructed from timber.

File:Hoddinott doors WMC 001.jpg

Phase 2 of Wales Millennium Centre was designed by the then newly qualified Tim Green and Keith Vince of Capita Architecture, formerly called Capita Percy Thomas and now part of Capita Symonds, with Arup Acoustics again providing the acoustic design.{{cite web|url=http://www.capitasymonds.co.uk/ournews/article.asp?newsid=2529 |publisher=Capita Symonds |title=BBC National Orchestra gets new home |access-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219042201/http://www.capitasymonds.co.uk/ournews/article.asp?newsid=2529 |archive-date=19 December 2008 }} The main contractor was again Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd,{{cite web|url=http://www.capitasymonds.co.uk/ournews/article.asp?newsid=1939 |publisher=Capita Symonds |title=Work underway on WMC's new addition |access-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131164627/http://www.capitasymonds.co.uk/ournews/article.asp?newsid=1939 |archive-date=31 January 2008 }} with MJN Colston Ltd responsible for the design and installation of all the mechanical, electrical and public health services in the building. Other subcontractors on the project included URS Corporation, Davis Langdon and Hulley & Kirkwood.{{cite web|url=http://www.hulley.co.uk/index.cfm/display_page/hotel_sport_leisure_leisure/control_contentType/case_study_category/display_open/case_study_417 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130420222833/http://www.hulley.co.uk/index.cfm/display_page/hotel_sport_leisure_leisure/control_contentType/case_study_category/display_open/case_study_417 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=Hulley & Kirkwood |title=Project Title: C Bay (Recording & Rehearsal Concert Hall) |access-date=14 March 2009 }}

Tim Green said that the exterior of phase 2 was designed to be in keeping with phase 1, while the interior had its own theme, that of a traditional Welsh chapel.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/southeastwales/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_7837000/7837902.stm |publisher=BBC |title= In pictures: BBC Hoddinott Hall (picture 5)|access-date=31 January 2009 | date=23 January 2009}} He said that "The timber treatment at low level is very reminiscent of Victorian chapels and the masonry above. The stonework you would normally get in a stone chapel has been replaced by concrete."{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7839771.stm |publisher=BBC |title= BBC orchestra moves into new home |access-date=31 January 2009 | date=22 January 2009}}

During the design and construction period, the project name for phase 2 was C Bay.{{cite web |url= http://www.mjncolston.co.uk/projects/view/23 |publisher= MJN Colston |title= C Bay, Cardiff|access-date=31 January 2009}} Construction began in April 2007.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7610978.stm|publisher= BBC|title= Orchestra gets keys to new home |access-date=31 January 2009 | date=12 September 2008}} It ended when the keys to the building were handed over at an official ceremony in September 2008,{{cite web |url= http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/news/?id=6066 |publisher= Sir Robert McAlpine |title= Orchestra's New Home Complete |access-date= 31 January 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090221185930/http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/news/?id=6066 |archive-date= 21 February 2009 |url-status= dead }} and BBC Wales began to fit out the interior of the Hoddinott Hall.{{cite web|url=http://www.arup.com/unitedkingdom/newsitem.cfm?pageid=12137 |publisher=Arup |title=New BBC concert hall broadcasts inaugural performance |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210014119/http://arup.com/unitedkingdom/newsitem.cfm?pageid=12137 |archive-date=10 February 2009 }}

Phase 2 also includes the 60 seat Grace Williams Studio, which is used by BBC NOW and Chorus for workshops and rehearsals for its outreach work.{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3YV0XMLfSTrsrtT8PdfYPNV/about-the-orchestra|publisher= BBC|title= About the Orchestra - Find out all about BBC National Orchestra of Wales|access-date=12 May 2023}}

To commemorate the opening of BBC Hoddinott Hall, an inaugural concert took place on 22 January 2009. It was part of an opening festival which took place between 22 January and 1 February 2009.{{cite web|url= http://www.ccc-acw.org.uk/viewnews.asp?id=997&css=print|publisher= Arts Council of Wales|title= BBC National Orchestra of Wales Announce Opening at New Venue.|access-date= 1 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160210015744/http://www.ccc-acw.org.uk/viewnews.asp?id=997&css=print|archive-date= 10 February 2016}} The concert was performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and was conducted by Thierry Fischer. It included the world premiere of St Vitus in the Kettle by Simon Holt, the orchestra's composer in association, who took over from Michael Berkeley. BBC Hoddinott Hall was officially opened by the Prince of Wales on 31 January 2009, where he unveiled a plaque.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7863498.stm|publisher= BBC |title= Prince hails new hall a 'triumph' |access-date=3 February 2009 | date=1 February 2009}}

• Engineering Excellence Award from the Association for Consultancy and Engineering.{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3YV0XMLfSTrsrtT8PdfYPNV/about-the-orchestrahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/05_may/26/hoddinott.shtml|publisher= BBC|title= BBC Hoddinott Hall wins UK engineering award |access-date=1 May 2021| date=26 May 2009}}
• 2009 Special Award: Best Use of Panel Products from the Wood Awards{{cite news |url= https://woodawards.com/portfolio/hoddinott-hall/|publisher= Wood Awards|title= Hoddinott Hall |access-date=1 May 2021}}

File:Nighttime (WMC) new build.jpg

The third phase of the development of Wales Millennium Centre is a proposed new stand-alone 550-seater theatre and facilities for production, rehearsal and training, opposite the existing main building (phase 1 and 2).{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvg0eexd14ko|publisher= BBC|title= New 550-capacity theatre planned for capital|date=6 November 2024|access-date=7 November 2024}}{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/new-theatre-wales-millennium-centre-30300913|publisher=Wales Online |title=The new theatre Wales Millennium Centre wants to build in Cardiff Bay|access-date=7 November 2024 |date=5 November 2007 }} It will be an "immersive" arts theatre and will be located next to the proposed new 15,000-seater indoor arena for Cardiff. Cardiff Council has appointed Goldbeck Construction as the building contractor for the new development. The new theatre will be located in the car park of the Atlantic Wharf and part of the parking area of Cardiff Council’s County Hall. The building will incorporate the council's new modern headquarters, which will replace the ageing County Hall.{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2025/02/12/goldbeck-to-build-new-50m-cardiff-county-hall/|title=Goldbeck to build new £50m Cardiff County Hall|website=Construction Enquirer|date=12 February 2025|access-date=14 February 2025}}

File:Back of Wales Millennium Centre.jpg, Urdd and Literature Wales (left) and Arts Council of Wales (right))]]

Wales Millennium Centre is home to eight arts organisations:

• Literature Wales – Welsh national literature promotion agency and society for writers
• National Dance Company Wales – previously known as Diversions
• Hijinx Theatre – one of Europe’s leading inclusive theatre companies
• Two Rhythms{{Cite web |title=tworhythms |url=https://www.tworhythms.co.uk/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=tworhythms |language=en-GB}} – providing educational touch and movement therapies to people with profound disabilities and autism. Previously known as Touch Trust
• Tŷ Cerdd – music information centre for amateur and professional musicians, including the Welsh Music Information Centre, Welsh Amateur Music Federation, National Youth Arts Wales and Cyfansoddwyr Cymru (Composers of Wales){{cite web|url= http://www.wmic.org/about.html|publisher= Welsh Music Information Centre|title= About Us "To support, promote and provide an information resource for the music of Wales."|access-date= 1 February 2009|archive-date= 18 September 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080918150957/http://www.wmic.org/about.html|url-status= dead}}
• Urdd Gobaith Cymru – Wales' largest youth organisation
• Welsh National Opera – an international touring opera company
• BBC National Orchestra of Wales – the only professional national symphony orchestra for Wales

{{multiple image|caption_align=center| direction = horizontal

| header = Wales Millennium Centre logos | header_align = centre

| image1 = Wales Millennium Centre-Old Logo.png|width1 =128 | caption1 = 2004–2007

| image2 = Wales Millennium Centre logo.png|width2= 175 | caption2 = 2007–2015

| image3 = WMC Logo Cardiff.jpg|width3= 162| caption3 = 2015–2019

}}

The total cost of phase 1 of the project was £106.2 million. The National Lottery Millennium Fund provided £31.7 million, a further £37 million came from The National Assembly for Wales and £10.4 million was donated by the Arts Council of Wales. In addition, a private investor, South African businessman Donald Gordon, donated £20 million to be shared equally between the Royal Opera House and Wales Millennium Centre. The Wales Millennium Centre also received a £13.5 million loan from HSBC. The remaining funds for the project came from a major sponsorship deal with the Principality Building Society. The Weston Studio is named after the Garfield Weston Foundation, and is located on Level 1 of the building.{{cite web |url= https://www.wmc.org.uk/Whatson/selectseating?pId=354192&perfId=76667&lang=en |publisher= Wales Millennium Centre |title= Weston Studio |access-date= 4 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073650/https://www.wmc.org.uk/Whatson/selectseating?pId=354192&perfId=76667&lang=en |archive-date= 5 April 2017 |url-status= dead }} Many other corporations and public bodies provide sponsorship to Wales Millennium Centre.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=33E2B321-FE01-A618-89F20905EC15B80A |publisher=Wales Millennium Centre |title=Corporate Support |access-date=13 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007074732/http://www.wmc.org.uk/index.cfm?UUID=33E2B321-FE01-A618-89F20905EC15B80A |archive-date=7 October 2007 }}

The National Assembly for Wales announced on 6 November 2007 that it was to pay off the outstanding loan of £13.5 million from HSBC and also increase its annual funding. From April 2008, the Assembly gave an annual grant of £3.5 million to Wales Millennium Centre for 3 years.{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/topics/cultureandsport/arts/WMC/?lang=en |publisher=Welsh Assembly Government |title=Wales Millennium Centre |access-date=5 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153948/http://wales.gov.uk/topics/cultureandsport/arts/WMC/?lang=en |archive-date=21 February 2009 }} This was intended only to repay the capital debt and not any ongoing operating loss as the organisation remained profitable. The money came from unallocated funds from the Assembly's previous budget and the then Minister for Heritage, Rhodri Glyn Thomas, said that it would not come at the expense of other art projects in Wales.{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetstatements/2007/wmc/?lang=en |publisher=Welsh Assembly Government |title=The Wales Millennium Centre, Rhodri Glyn Thomas, the Minister for Heritage |access-date=13 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221093744/http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetstatements/2007/wmc/?lang=en |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}

The cost of phase 2 of the project was approximately £18 million. The BBC does not own the building, but has leased it for 25 years from the Lime Property Fund, a subsidiary of Aviva Investors.{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5547646.ece |work= The Times|title= Hoddinott Hall, a playground in finest oak |access-date=2 January 2009 | location=London | first=Richard | last=Morrison}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Phase 2 was built by Concert Bay Ltd, a subsidiary of Sir Robert McAlpine Enterprises Ltd, which co-funded the scheme along with Lime Property Fund.{{cite web |url= http://www.aviva.com/index.asp?PageID=55&category=aviva&year=Latest&newsid=3735 |publisher= Aviva |title= UK: Lime Fund acquires Bath University student accommodation |access-date= 31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090223204257/http://www.aviva.com/index.asp?PageID=55&category=aviva&year=Latest&newsid=3735 |archive-date= 23 February 2009 }}

In November 2006, Wales Millennium Centre announced that it would begin a two-phase rebranding project. The project was won by a local Cardiff company, Sweet. The first phase of the project involved a new corporate logo; the second phase included the redesign of other marketing tools, such as brochures and advertisements.{{cite web

|url=http://www.sweetcreative.co.uk/news2.html

|publisher=www.sweetcreative.co.uk

|title=01-04-07 Wales Millennium Centre

|access-date=3 June 2008

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080723130648/http://www.sweetcreative.co.uk/news2.html

|archive-date=23 July 2008

}}

Wales Millennium Centre has made numerous appearances in film and television, including in Doctor Who (modern-era episodes of which are produced locally by BBC Wales). It has appeared 7 times {{as of|2011|10|13|alt=to date}}:{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} as itself from outside in the episode "Boom Town";{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s1e11.shtml?2|publisher= BBC|title= Boom Town – location guide|access-date= 22 February 2009|archive-date= 13 November 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121113221455/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s1e11.shtml?2|url-status= dead}} its marquee momentarily at the end of the episode "Bad Wolf"; its lobby as a hospital lobby in the far future in the episode "New Earth",{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s2e1.shtml?7|publisher= BBC|title= Doctor Who New Earth location guide|access-date=22 February 2009}} and again in "The Girl Who Waited";{{cite web |url= http://www.doctorwholocations.net/stories/girlwhowaited

|publisher= www.doctorwholocations.net|title= Doctor Who The Locations Guide|access-date=13 October 2011}} and briefly in the episodes "Utopia", "The Stolen Earth" and "Last of the Time Lords".{{cite web

|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/photostories/s3_13/22.html

|publisher= BBC

|title= Last of the Time Lords ...Assistant Director Paul Bennett auditions for the TARDIS crew (outside the Wales Millennium Centre

|access-date= 22 February 2009

|archive-date= 12 March 2008

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080312190854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/photostories/s3_13/22.html

|url-status= dead

}}

The spin-off series Torchwood has its headquarters, known as "The Hub", set underneath the Water Tower in Roald Dahl Plass,{{cite web |url= http://www.torchwoodlocations.com/hub.php |publisher= BBC |title= 'The Hub' – Roald Dahl Plass |access-date= 1 May 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080415180726/http://www.torchwoodlocations.com/hub.php |archive-date= 15 April 2008 |url-status= dead }} with Wales Millennium Centre's frontage featuring heavily through the show.

{{main|Jones Jones Jones}}

On 3 November 2006, a record-breaking attempt to gather the most people with the same surname, Jones, took place at Wales Millennium Centre under the show banner Jones Jones Jones, filmed for television by S4C. The record was broken with 1,224 Joneses filling the Donald Gordon Theatre.{{cite web|url=http://www.uhmedia.co.uk/jones_website/en/index.html?lc=English |publisher=UHMedia* |title=1,224 Joneses have broken the world record! |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223174732/http://www.uhmedia.co.uk/jones_website/en/index.html?lc=English |archive-date=23 February 2009 }} The previous record was set in Sweden in 2004 when 583 people gathered who had the same surname of Norberg.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/6112714.stm |publisher= BBC|title= Joneses break same surname record |access-date=22 February 2009 | date=4 November 2006}}

The airport scene from episode 1 of the second series of the BBC TV show Gavin & Stacey was filmed in Wales Millennium Centre.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/southeastwales/hi/tv_and_radio/newsid_7831000/7831365.stm|publisher= BBC|title= In pictures: Gavin and Stacey (picture 10)|access-date=13 April 2009 | date=15 January 2009}}

Notes

{{reflist|30em}}

{{commons category|Wales Millennium Centre}}

• {{Official website|https://www.wmc.org.uk/|Wales Millennium Centre official website}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130103083509/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/wmc/ Wales Millennium Centre on the BBC Wales website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203653/http://www.cardiffbay.co.uk/index.php/visitor-centre Cardiff Bay Visitor Centre]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153948/http://wales.gov.uk/topics/cultureandsport/arts/WMC/?lang=en Wales Millennium Centre on the Welsh Assembly Government website]
• [http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/projects/?id=500 Wales Millennium Centre (phase 1) on the Sir Robert McAlpine website]
• [http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/projects/?id=8599 BBC Hoddinott Hall (phase 2) on the Sir Robert McAlpine website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220061328/http://www.mjncolston.co.uk/projects/view/23 C Bay (BBC Hoddinott Hall phase 2) on the MJN Colston website]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsLCOODJA50 Jonathan Adams, architect, discusses the Wales Millennium Centre]
• [http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/aj-specification/hoddinott-hall-cardiff-bay-by-capita/5209225.article Hoddinott Hall] on the Architects' Journal website
• [https://www.arup.com/projects/wales-millennium-centre Arup]

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