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Wano language

{{Short description|Papuan language of Indonesia}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Wano

|nativename=

|ethnicity={{ill|Wano people|id|Suku Wano}}

|region=Puncak Regency and Puncak Jaya Regency, Central Papua

|speakers=1,000

|date=2011

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Papuan

|fam1=Trans–New Guinea

|fam2=West Trans–New Guinea (Irian Highlands)

|fam3=Dani

|iso3=wno

|glotto=wano1243

|glottorefname=Wano

}}

Wano is a Papuan language spoken by the Wano people in Puncak and Puncak Jaya regencies of the Indonesian province of Central Papua.

Phonology

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Consonant phonemes{{Cite book |url=http://www-01.sil.org/silewp/2007/silewp2007-003.pdf |title=The Phonology of Wano |last=Burung |first=Willem |publisher=SIL International |year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222203858/http://www-01.sil.org/silewp/2007/silewp2007-003.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}

!Bilabial

!Alveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|

|

Plosive

|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}

|

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|ʔ}}

Fricative

|{{IPA link|β}}

|

|

|

|

Approximant

|

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Vowel phonemes

! Front

! Back

High

|{{IPA link|i}}

|{{IPA link|u}}

Mid

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

Close

| colspan=2 | {{IPA link|a}}

As well as the monophthongs described above, Wano also has seven diphthongs: {{IPA|/i̯a/, /ɛi̯/, /ai̯/, /au̯/, /ɔi̯/, /ɔu̯/, and /ui̯/}}.

=Allophony=

  • The voiced plosives /{{IPA link|b}}/ and /{{IPA link|d}}/ are imploded to {{IPAslink|ɓ}} and {{IPAslink|ɗ}} when word-initially and intervocalically.
  • When a nasal occurs before /{{IPA link|p}}/, /{{IPA link|p}}/ becomes a prenasalized voiced plosive [ᵐb]. Similarly, when a nasal occurs before /{{IPA link|t}}/ or /{{IPA link|k}}/, they become, respectively, [ⁿd] and [ᵑɡ].
  • {{IPAslink|t}} and {{IPAslink|k}} intervocalically become {{IPAslink|ɾ}} and {{IPAslink|ɣ}}.{{harvnb|Burung|2016|p=44}}
  • /{{IPA link|p}}/, /{{IPA link|k}}/, /{{IPA link|ɡ}}/, and /{{IPA link|ɡ}}/'s allophone, [ᵑɡ] become labialized before /{{IPA link|w}}/, with /{{IPA link|ɡ}}/ becoming [{{IPA link|ɣʷ}}].
  • The sequences /tj/ and /dj/ become the palatal fricatives /{{IPA link|ç}} {{IPA link|ʝ}}/. However, this analysis more signifies the corresponding Dutch digraphs, since these have no morphological significance, and in the modern orthography these are written as ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩.

=Orthography=

Here is the orthography used by Willem Burung on his works. These are not necessarily separate letters.

class="wikitable"

! Letter

! IPA

! Letter

! IPA

! Letter

! IPA

a

| {{IPAblink|a}}

| j

| {{IPAblink|ʝ}}

| o

| {{IPAblink|ɔ}}

b

| {{IPAblink|ɓ}}

| k

| {{IPAblink|k}}

| p

| {{IPAblink|p}}

c

| {{IPAblink|ç}}

| kʷ

| {{IPAblink|kʷ}}

| t

| {{IPAblink|t}}

d

| {{IPAblink|ɗ}}

| m

| {{IPAblink|m}}

| u

| {{IPAblink|u}}

e

| {{IPAblink|ɛ}}

| mb

| {{IPAblink|ᵐb}}

| v

| {{IPAblink|β}}

g

| {{IPAblink|ɣ}}

| n

| {{IPAblink|n}}

| w

| {{IPAblink|w}}

gw

| {{IPAblink|ɣʷ}}

| nd

| {{IPAblink|ⁿd}}

| y

| {{IPAblink|j}}

i

| {{IPAblink|i}}

| ngg

| {{IPAblink|ᵑɡ}}

Grammar

= Nouns =

Inalienable nouns could be pluralized by suffixing -i (after consonants) or -vi (after vowels), while alienable nouns do not (similar to Indonesian, where pluralization is optional).{{sfn|Burung|2016}}{{pn|date=May 2024}} The inalienable plurals can be postposed with numerals (aburi kena "her two children").

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite thesis |last=Burung |first=Willem |title=A grammar of Wano |date=2016 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Oxford |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:86a8eef7-4a10-420d-b445-400a0b2b974f}}

{{West Trans–New Guinea languages}}

Category:Dani languages

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