War pig
{{Short description|Pigs used in warfare}}
{{About||the Black Sabbath song|War Pigs|other uses|War pigs (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Pig War (disambiguation){{!}}Pig War}}
War pigs are pigs reported to have been used in ancient warfare as military animals. In combat, they were mostly employed as a countermeasure against war elephants.
Historical accounts of incendiary pigs or flaming pigs were recorded by the Greek military writer PolyaenusPolyaenus, "Stratagems" 4.6.3 and by Aelian.Aelian, "On Animals" 16.36 Both writers reported that Antigonus II Gonatas' siege of Megara in 266 BC was broken when the Megarians doused some pigs with combustible pitch, crude oil or resin, set them alight, and drove them towards the enemy's massed war elephants. The elephants bolted in terror from the flaming, squealing pigs, often killing great numbers of their own soldiers by trampling them to death.{{cite book|last1=Harden|first1=A.|title=Animals in the Classical World: Ethical Perspectives from Greek and Roman Texts|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137319319|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gd7RAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|language=en}}{{cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=Adrienne|editor1-last=Campbell|editor1-first=Gordon Lindsay|title=The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191035159|pages=292–293|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrrQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|language=en|chapter=Chapter 17: Animals in Warfare}} According to an account, Gonatas later made his mahouts keep a swine among elephants to accustom the animals to pigs and this practice was immortalized by a Roman bronze coin dating back to his time, which showed an elephant on one side and a pig on the other.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA90 |title=War Elephants|last=Kistler|first=John|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2007|isbn=9780803260047|location=Lincoln|pages=90}}
History
In the 1st century BC, the Roman author LucretiusLucretius, De Rerum Natura 5.1298–1349 noted that humans may have attempted to launch wild beasts, such as lions or "savage boars", against the enemy, but with catastrophic results. In 272 BC, it was recorded that the Romans used wild boars in their fight against the war elephants of the Tarantines.{{Cite book|title=Ethnozoology: Animals in Our Lives|last1=Alves|first1=Romulo|last2=Albuquerque|first2=Ulysses|publisher=Academic Press|year=2017|isbn=9780128099131|location=London|pages=329}} According to a legend recounted in the "Alexander Romance" by Pseudo-Callisthenes,Pseudo-Callisthenes, "Letter to Aristotle" 12 the Macedonian Emperor Alexander the Great learned about this "secret weapon" against war elephants from King Porus in India.Mayor 2005; Kistler 2007
The Roman naval and army commander Pliny the Elder reported that "elephants are scared by the smallest squeal of the hog".Pliny the Elder, "Natural History" 8.9.27 Roman author and teacher AelianAelian, "On Animals" 1.38 confirmed that elephants were frightened by squealing pigs and rams with horns, and reported that the Romans exploited both squealing pigs and horned rams to repel the war elephants of Pyrrhus in 275 BC. Byzantine Greek scholar Procopius, in History of the Wars,Procopius, "History of the Wars" 8.14.30–43 recorded that the defenders of Edessa suspended a squealing pig from the walls to frighten away Khosrau's single siege elephant in the 6th century AD.{{Cite book|title=War Elephants|last=Nossov|first=Konstantin|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781846038037|location=Oxford|pages=43}}
As late as the 16th century, the supposed terror of the elephant for the squealing pig was reported by the English politician Reginald Scot.{{cite book|last1=Petersson|first1=R. T.|title=Sir Kenelm Digby |url=https://archive.org/details/sirkenelmdigbyor0000pete|url-access=registration| date=1956 | publisher=Harvard University Press}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- Kistler, J. (2005, 2007). War Elephants. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
- Mayor, A. (2005, 2009). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. NY: Overlook/Duckworth.
{{Military animals}}
{{Pigs}}
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