Warekena language
{{Short description|Arawakan language spoken in Brazil and Venezuela}}
{{distinguish|Baré language|Warekena Velha language}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua baniva de Maroa|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Warekena
| altname = Baniwa of Maroa, Baniwa of Guainía
| nativename = {{lang|gae|Guarequena}}
| speakers = 650
| date = 2001–2006
| ref = e18
| speakers2 = ca. 200 (1999)Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.
| familycolor = arawakan
| fam1 = Arawakan
| fam2 = Northern
| fam3 = Upper Amazon
| fam4 = Orinoco
| dia1 = Warekena do rio Xié
| iso3 = gae
| glotto = guar1293
| glottorefname = Baniva de Maroa
}}
Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baré and Baniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished as Baniva de Maroa or Baniva de Guainía.
There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).
Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.
Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.{{cite book |last=Aikhenvald |first=Alexandra Y. |date=1998 |chapter=Warekena |title=Handbook of Amazonian Languages |editor-first1=Desmond C. |editor-last1=Derbyshire |editor-first2=Geoffrey K. |editor-last2=Pullum |volume=4 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin |doi=10.1515/9783110822120 |pages=225–439}} Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
Phonology
= Consonants =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! rowspan="2" |Dental ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Retroflex ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! rowspan="2" |Velar |
cen.
!lat. |
---|
colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} | colspan="2" | | | | |
rowspan="2" |Plosive/ Affricate !voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ts}} | | |{{IPA link|k}} |
voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|dz}} | | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} |
rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless | | | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|ʂ}} | | |
voiced
| | | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|ʐ}} | | |
rowspan="2" |Rhotic
!tap | | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} |{{IPA link|ɺ}} | | | |
trill
| | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|r}} | | | |
colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPA link|w}} | | colspan="2" | | |{{IPA link|j}} | |
= Vowels =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !Back |
High
|{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |
---|
Mid
|{{IPA link|e}} | | |
Low
| |{{IPA link|a}} | |
{{IPAslink|u}} can also range to {{IPAblink|o}}.{{Cite thesis |last=Socorro Sánchez |first=Marlene |year=2005 |title=Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva |degree=PhD |location=Maracaibo |publisher=Universidad de los Andes}}
Grammar
Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.
{{interlinear
| number = AVO:
| abbreviations = PAUS: pausal|wa-hã waʃi yutʃia-hã ema|then-PAUS jaguar kill-PAUS tapir|"Then the jaguar killed the tapir"
}}
{{interlinear
| number = VSo:
| abbreviations = PAUS: pausal|ʃupe-hẽ ʃiani-pe|many-PAUS child-PL|"Children are many"
}}
{{interlinear
| number = SaV:|peya nu-yaɺitua wiyua|one 1sg-brother die|"One of my brothers dies"
}}
{{interlinear|number=SioV:
|nu-yue mawali
|1sg-for hungry
|"I am hungry"}}
Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{Languages of Venezuela}}
{{Arawakan languages}}
Category:Languages of Venezuela
{{Arawakan-lang-stub}}