Water-fuelled car#Agha Waqar Ahmad

A water-fuelled car is not any of the following:

• Water injection, which is a method for cooling the combustion chambers of engines by adding water to the incoming fuel-air mixture, allowing for greater compression ratios and reduced engine knocking (detonation).
• The hydrogen car, although it often incorporates some of the same elements. To fuel a hydrogen car from water, electricity is used to generate hydrogen by electrolysis. The resulting hydrogen is an energy carrier that can power a car by reacting with oxygen from the air to create water, either through burning in a combustion engine or catalyzed to produce electricity in a fuel cell.
• Hydrogen fuel enhancement, where a mixture of hydrogen and conventional hydrocarbon fuel is burned in an internal combustion engine, usually in an attempt to improve fuel economy or reduce emissions.
• The steam car, which uses water (in both liquid and gaseous forms) as a working fluid, not as a fuel.
• An electric car charged with or directly powered by hydroelectricity.

According to the currently accepted laws of physics, there is no way to extract chemical energy from water alone. Water itself is highly stable—it was one of the classical elements and contains very strong chemical bonds. Its enthalpy of formation is negative (−68.3 kcal/mol or −285.8 kJ/mol), meaning that energy is required to break those stable bonds, to separate water into its elements, and there are no other compounds of hydrogen and oxygen with more negative enthalpies of formation, meaning that no energy can be released in this manner either.{{cite web|url=http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/07stability.shtml|title=Science Notes: Energy and Chemical Stability|access-date=May 7, 2014|work=Carnegie Mellon University|date=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504204548/http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/07stability.shtml|archive-date=May 4, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}

Most proposed water-fuelled cars rely on some form of electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen and then recombine them to release energy. However, the first law of thermodynamics guarantees that the energy required to separate the elements will always be equal to the amount of energy released (assuming no losses), so this cannot be used to produce net energy. The second law of thermodynamics further states that the amount of useful energy released this way is necessarily less than the amount of energy input.Professor doubts water car claims – A leading alternative fuels expert throws water on Japanese company claims that it's developed the world's first car powered by just water. Professor Theodosios Korakianitis at Queen Mary University of London says water by itself would not be enough to get your car going. [https://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId=85239&videoChannel=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610231346/http://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId=85239&videoChannel=1|date=June 10, 2010}}{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Ball |date=September 14, 2007 |title=Burning water and other myths |url=https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070914/full/news070910-13.html |url-status=live |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/news070910-13 |s2cid=129704116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042933/https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070914/full/news070910-13.html |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=September 14, 2007 |doi-access=free}}

Charles H. Garrett allegedly demonstrated a water-fuelled car "for several minutes", which was reported on September 8, 1935, in The Dallas Morning News.{{cite web|url=http://keelynet.com/energy/garrett.htm|title=Garrett Water Carburetor – 01/12/98|website=keelynet.com|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314171625/http://www.keelynet.com/energy/garrett.htm|url-status=live}} The car generated hydrogen by electrolysis as can be seen by examining Garrett's patent, issued that same year.{{Cite patent|country=US|number=2006676|pubdate=1935-07-02|title=Electrolytic carburetor|inventor1-last=Garrett|inventor1-first=Charles H.}} This patent includes drawings which show a carburetor similar to an ordinary float-type carburetor but with electrolysis plates in the lower portion, and where the float is used to maintain the level of the water. Garrett's patent fails to identify a new source of energy.

{{main|Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell}}

Image:Water fuel cell capacitor.png

At least as far back as 1980, Stanley Meyer claimed that he had built a dune buggy that ran on water,{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2007/07/08/hydroman.ART_ART_07-08-07_A1_4V77MOK.html|title=The car that ran on water|website=dispatch.com|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=April 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416090801/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2007/07/08/hydroman.ART_ART_07-08-07_A1_4V77MOK.html|url-status=live}} although he gave inconsistent explanations as to its mode of operation. In some cases, he claimed that he had replaced the spark plugs with a "water splitter",{{cite web|url=http://waterpoweredcar.com/equinox3StanleyMeyer.WMV|title=It runs on water, Part 2|website=waterpoweredcar.com|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=March 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309203924/http://www.waterpoweredcar.com/equinox3StanleyMeyer.WMV|url-status=live}} while in other cases it was claimed to rely on a "fuel cell" that split the water into hydrogen and oxygen. The "fuel cell", which he claimed was subjected to an electrical resonance, would split the water mist into hydrogen and oxygen gas, which would then be combusted back into water vapour in a conventional internal combustion engine to produce net energy. Meyer's claims were never independently verified, and in an Ohio court in 1996 he was found guilty of "gross and egregious fraud". He died of an aneurysm in 1998, although conspiracy theories claim that he was poisoned.

In 2002, the firm Hydrogen Technology Applications patented an electrolyser design and trademarked the term "Aquygen" to refer to the hydrogen oxygen gas mixture produced by the device.Business Wire [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25237309_ITM Hydrogen Technology Applications and UTEK Corporation Announce Strategic Alliance Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926062942/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25237309_ITM |date=September 26, 2008 }} (April 2002)EVWorld Feature: [http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?archive=1&storyid=1200&first=5220&end=5219 Electric Cars and the Goldilocks Planet: Global Warming | Carbon Dioxide | Cold Fusion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730211634/http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?archive=1&storyid=1200&first=5220&end=5219 |date=July 30, 2013 }}Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News: [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11875185_ITM Clearwater man puts technology to work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113085654/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11875185_ITM |date=January 13, 2009 }} Tampa Tribune (Tampa, Florida) (November 2005) Originally developed as an alternative to oxyacetylene welding, the company claimed to be able to run a vehicle exclusively on water, via the production of "Aquygen", and invoked an unproven state of matter called "magnegases" and a discredited theory about magnecules to explain their results.{{cite journal | title = Comments on "A new gaseous and combustible form of water," by R.M. Santilli (Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2006: 31(9), 1113–1128) | journal = International Journal of Hydrogen Energy | issue = 9 | pages = 1309–1312 | author = J. M. Calo | date = November 3, 2006 | url = http://www.scientificethics.org/Calo.pdf | doi = 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.004 | volume = 32 | access-date = April 6, 2012 | archive-date = August 1, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801133803/http://www.scientificethics.org/Calo.pdf | url-status = live }} Company founder Dennis Klein claimed to be in negotiations with a major US auto manufacturer and that the US government wanted to produce Hummers that used his technology.{{cite web|url=http://www.vivelecanada.ca/article/213453406-goodbye-big-oil|title=Goodbye Big Oil|website=www.vivelecanada.ca – Vive|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=January 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104210835/http://www.vivelecanada.ca/article/213453406-goodbye-big-oil|url-status=live}}

At present, the company no longer claims it can run a car exclusively on water, and is instead marketing "Aquygen" production as a technique to increase fuel efficiency,{{cite web|url=http://hytechapps.com/products.html|title=Welcome hytechapps.com – BlueHost.com|website=hytechapps.com|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=May 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525043543/http://www.hytechapps.com/products.html|url-status=live}} thus making it hydrogen fuel enhancement rather than a water-fuelled car.

Also in 2002, Genesis World Energy announced a market ready device which would extract energy from water by separating the hydrogen and oxygen and then recombining them.{{cite web|url=http://www.genesisworldenergy.org/pressroom.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030202200636/http://www.genesisworldenergy.org/pressroom.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 2, 2003|title=Genesis World Energy|date=February 2, 2003|access-date=April 12, 2018}} In 2003, the company announced that this technology had been adapted to power automobiles.{{cite web|url=http://www.genesisworldenergy.org/pressroom.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605132731/http://www.genesisworldenergy.org/pressroom.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 5, 2003|title=Genesis World Energy |date=June 5, 2003|access-date=April 12, 2018}} The company collected over $2.5 million from investors, but none of their devices were ever brought to market. In 2006, Patrick Kelly, the owner of Genesis World Energy was sentenced in New Jersey to five years in prison for theft and ordered to pay $400,000 in restitution.{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases06/pr20061109d.html|title=State of New Jersey|website=www.nj.gov|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502185423/http://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases06/pr20061109d.html|url-status=live}}

In June 2008, Japanese company Genepax unveiled a car it claimed ran on only water and air,{{cite news | publisher = Nikkei Business Publications, Inc. | date = June 13, 2008 | url = http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20080613/153276/ | title = New Fuel Cell System 'Generates Electricity with Only Water, Air' | access-date = June 13, 2008 | archive-date = February 8, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100208101533/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20080613/153276/ | url-status = live }} and many news outlets dubbed the vehicle a "water-fuel car".{{cite news | publisher = Reuters | url = https://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId=84561 | title = Water-fuel car unveiled in Japan | date = June 13, 2008 | access-date = June 18, 2008 | archive-date = August 28, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828170654/http://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId=84561 | url-status = live }} The company said it "cannot [reveal] the core part of this invention" yet,{{cite news|url=http://media.cleantech.com/3002/water-fueled-car-criticisim-fuel-cell-genepax|title=Water-fueled car: too good to be true?|last=Ghelfi|first=Carli|date=June 18, 2008|publisher=Cleantech.com|access-date=June 22, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145915/http://media.cleantech.com/3002/water-fueled-car-criticisim-fuel-cell-genepax|archive-date=June 22, 2008|df=mdy-all}} but it disclosed that the system used an onboard energy generator, which it called a "membrane electrode assembly", to extract the hydrogen using a "mechanism which is similar to the method in which hydrogen is produced by a reaction of metal hydride and water".{{cite news | publisher = India Times | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/International_Business/Now_eco-friendly_car_that_run_on_water/articleshow/3138083.cms | title = Japanese company creates eco-friendly car that uses water as fuel! | date = June 17, 2008 | access-date = June 18, 2008 | archive-date = June 27, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080627185543/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/International_Business/Now_eco-friendly_car_that_run_on_water/articleshow/3138083.cms | url-status = live }} The hydrogen was then used to generate energy to run the car. This led to speculation that the metal hydride is consumed in the process and is the ultimate source of the car's energy, making it a hydride-fuelled "hydrogen on demand" vehicle rather than water-fuelled as claimed.{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/genepax-water-powered-car-japan-debunking.php|title=Genepax Water Car: Too Good to be True? Yeah|website=treehugger.com|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=April 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420123737/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/genepax-water-powered-car-japan-debunking.php|url-status=dead}}{{cite web | publisher = Slashdot | date = June 14, 2008 | title = Japanese Company Says Laws of Physics Don't Apply – to Cars | url = http://science.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=08/06/14/1737231 | access-date = June 14, 2008 | archive-date = May 30, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200530091005/https://science.slashdot.org/story/08/06/14/1737231/japanese-company-says-laws-of-physics-dont-apply-to-cars | url-status = live }}{{cite news|url=http://www.inteldaily.com/?c=120&a=7157|title=How to Run a Car on Water: The Truth About Genepax's Hydrogen Car|last=Rapier|first=Robert|date=June 18, 2008|publisher=The Intelligence Daily|access-date=June 22, 2008|archive-date=June 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626063424/http://www.inteldaily.com/?c=120&a=7157|url-status=live}} On the company's website the energy source is explained only with the words "Chemical reaction".{{cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/che/jpg/papersb/full%20papers/K-106.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327085613/http://www.iitk.ac.in/che/jpg/papersb/full%20papers/K-106.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} The science and technology magazine Popular Mechanics described Genepax's claims as "rubbish".{{cite news|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4271579.html|title=The Truth About Water-Powered Cars: Mechanic's Diary|last=Allen|first=Mike|date=July 3, 2008|access-date=July 10, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720231105/http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4271579.html|archive-date=July 20, 2008|df=mdy-all}} The vehicle Genepax demonstrated to the press in 2008 was a REVAi electric car, which was manufactured in India and sold in the UK as the G-Wiz.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

In early 2009, Genepax announced they were closing their website, citing large development costs.{{cite web|url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2009/03/20/no-more-embarrassment-for-thomson-reuters-genepax-water-car-is-dead/|title=No More Embarrassment for Thomson Reuters – Genepax Water Car is Dead « San Francisco Citizen|website=sfcitizen.com|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=April 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043345/http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2009/03/20/no-more-embarrassment-for-thomson-reuters-genepax-water-car-is-dead/|url-status=live}}

Also in 2008, Sri Lankan news sources reported that Thushara Priyamal Edirisinghe claimed to drive a water-fuelled car about {{Convert|300|km|miles|abbr=in}}.The news sources said he travelled from Pannipitiya, Thushara, to Anuradhapura and back. on {{Convert|3|litres|imppt|abbr=off}} of water.Business Intelligence Middle East:[http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=22816&t=1&c=33&cg=4&mset= The water-powered car race heats up still further] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110191052/http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=22816&t=1&c=33&cg=4&mset= |date=January 10, 2013 }}Dailynews Sri Lanka: [http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/07/19/fea03.asp In search of creativity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731091956/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/07/19/fea03.asp |date=July 31, 2008 }} Like other alleged water-fuelled cars described above, energy for the car was supposedly produced by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis, and then burning the gases in the engine. Thushara showed the technology to Prime Minister Ratnasiri Wickramanayaka, who "extended the Government’s full support to his efforts to introduce the water-powered car to the Sri Lankan market". Thushara was arrested a few months later on suspicion of investment fraud.{{cite news|url=http://www.aussieindolanka.com/news/south_asia/local/?newsid=65111&NewsDate|title=Sri Lanka – Water car story didn't hold water|date=October 16, 2008|work=Daily Mirror|location=UK|access-date=January 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904172504/http://www.aussieindolanka.com/news/south_asia/local/?newsid=65111&NewsDate|archive-date=September 4, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}

Daniel Dingel, a Filipino inventor, has been claiming since 1969 to have developed technology allowing water to be used as fuel. In 2000, Dingel entered into a business partnership with Formosa Plastics Group to further develop the technology. In 2008, Formosa Plastics successfully sued Dingel for fraud and Dingel, who was 82, was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.

In December 2011, Ghulam Sarwar claimed he had invented a car that ran only on water. At the time the invented car was claimed to use 60% water and 40% Diesel or fuel, but that the inventor was working to make it run on only water, probably by end of June 2012. It was further claimed the car "emits only oxygen rather than the usual carbon".{{cite web|url=http://www.9to5pakistan.com/worlds-first-water-car-made-by-pakistani|title=World's First Water Car made by Pakistani PHD Dr. Ghulam Sarwar|date=March 10, 2012|website=9to5pakistan.com|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=February 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165846/http://www.9to5pakistan.com/worlds-first-water-car-made-by-pakistani/|url-status=live}}

Pakistani man Agha Waqar Ahmad claimed in July 2012 to have invented a water-fuelled car by installing a "water kit" for all kind of automobiles,{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1AspJkGoek|title=Water Car, by Agha Waqar|last=SNN Pak|date=July 6, 2012|access-date=April 12, 2018|via=YouTube|archive-date=July 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708230625/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1AspJkGoek|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://paktribune.com/business/news/Govt-assures-support-for-water-for-fuel-project-10125.html|title=Govt assures support for 'water for fuel' project|website=Paktribune|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155149/http://paktribune.com/business/news/Govt-assures-support-for-water-for-fuel-project-10125.html|url-status=live}} which consists of a cylindrical jar that holds the water, a bubbler, and a pipe leading to the engine. He claimed the kit used electrolysis to convert water into "HHO", which is then used as fuel. The kit required use of distilled water to work.{{Cite episode |title= Capital Talk |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkw7oRbsTiY |access-date= August 7, 2012 |series= Capital Talk |network= GEO TV |date= July 30, 2012 |language= ur |archive-date= December 5, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131205210001/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkw7oRbsTiY |url-status= live }} Ahmed claimed he has been able to generate more oxyhydrogen than any other inventor because of "undisclosed calculations".{{Cite episode |title=Kyun |url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News-Talk-Shows/25361/Kyun-17th-July-2012.aspx |access-date=August 7, 2012 |series=Kyun |network=Awaz Television Network |date=July 17, 2012 |language=ur |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730230718/http://www.awaztoday.com/News-Talk-Shows/25361/Kyun-17th-July-2012.aspx |url-status=live }} He applied for a patent in Pakistan. Some Pakistani scientists said Agha's invention was a fraud that violates the laws of thermodynamics.{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/416263/water-car-engineer-sues-doctor-for-trying-to-undermine-his-invention/ |title='Water car': Engineer sues doctor for 'trying to undermine' his invention The Express Tribune |date=August 2, 2012 |website=tribune.com.pk |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-date=August 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011203/https://tribune.com.pk/story/416263/water-car-engineer-sues-doctor-for-trying-to-undermine-his-invention/ |url-status=live }}

Indonesian inventor Aryanto Misel claimed in May 2022 that his invention, called Nikuba, can convert water into hydrogen that can be used as fuel for motorcycles. Aryanto claimed that he only required 1 liter of water for the distance of 500 kilometers.{{Cite news |title=Apa itu Nikuba dan bagaimana kelanjutan kontroversinya? |language=id |work=BBC News Indonesia |url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/trensosial-61706322 |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906013108/https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/trensosial-61706322 |url-status=live }}

In July 2023, Aryanto claimed that Italian-based automobile manufacturers Lamborghini, Ducati, and Ferrari are interested in Nikuba.{{Cite web |last=Mukti |first=Taufan Bara |date=2023-07-03 |title=Tak Dilirik Indonesia, Nikuba Justru Dikontrak Ducati, Ferrari, dan Lamborghini |url=https://teknologi.bisnis.com/read/20230703/84/1671172/tak-dilirik-indonesia-nikuba-justru-dikontrak-ducati-ferrari-dan-lamborghini |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Bisnis.com |language=id |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703075300/https://teknologi.bisnis.com/read/20230703/84/1671172/tak-dilirik-indonesia-nikuba-justru-dikontrak-ducati-ferrari-dan-lamborghini |url-status=live }} He also claimed that he is willing to sell the device to foreign companies for 15 billion rupiahs, while also claiming that he didn't need the Indonesian government and National Research and Innovation Agency as they have "destroyed" him.{{Cite web |last=detikcom |first=Tim |title=Penemu Klaim Nikuba Bikin Perusahaan Italia Antusias tapi Dibantai di Negeri Sendiri |url=https://oto.detik.com/berita/d-6816513/penemu-klaim-nikuba-bikin-perusahaan-italia-antusias-tapi-dibantai-di-negeri-sendiri |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=detikoto |language=id-ID |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711044635/https://oto.detik.com/berita/d-6816513/penemu-klaim-nikuba-bikin-perusahaan-italia-antusias-tapi-dibantai-di-negeri-sendiri |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Indonesia |first=C. N. N. |title=Tak Butuh Pemerintah, Aryanto Jual Nikuba Rp15 Miliar untuk Riset Lagi |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/20230711093912-579-971892/tak-butuh-pemerintah-aryanto-jual-nikuba-rp15-miliar-untuk-riset-lagi |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=otomotif |language=id-ID |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711041250/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/20230711093912-579-971892/tak-butuh-pemerintah-aryanto-jual-nikuba-rp15-miliar-untuk-riset-lagi |url-status=live }} Indonesian scientists from National Research and Innovation Agency stated that the device is theoretically impossible.{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Kompas Cyber |date=2022-05-22 |title=Air Jadi Bensin, 1 Liter Mampu Tempuh 500 Km? |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/05/23/05450071/air-jadi-bensin-1-liter-mampu-tempuh-500-km- |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627064805/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/05/23/05450071/air-jadi-bensin-1-liter-mampu-tempuh-500-km- |url-status=live }} They also stated that there is no interest from Italian automobile manufacturers in Nikuba, and Aryanto was invited by their partners instead of the automobile manufacturers.{{Cite web |last=detikNews |first=Tim |title=Bantah Nikuba Diundang oleh Ferrari-Lambo-Ducati, BRIN: Mitra Kami yang Bawa |url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-6823408/bantah-nikuba-diundang-oleh-ferrari-lambo-ducati-brin-mitra-kami-yang-bawa |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=detikjateng |language=id-ID |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719093153/https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-6823408/bantah-nikuba-diundang-oleh-ferrari-lambo-ducati-brin-mitra-kami-yang-bawa |url-status=live }}

{{main|Hydrogen fuel enhancement}}

In addition to claims of cars that run exclusively on water, there have also been claims that burning hydrogen or oxyhydrogen together with petrol or diesel increases mileage and efficiency; these claims are debated.newsreview: [http://www.newsreview.com/reno/Content?oid=706056 Hydrogen generators get a test drive in the search for fuel economy and lower emissions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224100123/http://www.newsreview.com/reno/content?oid=706056 |date=February 24, 2011 }} By Scott D.F. Reeves A number of websites promote the use of oxyhydrogen, also called "HHO", selling plans for do-it-yourself electrolysers or kits with the promise of large improvements in fuel efficiency. According to a spokesman for the American Automobile Association, "All of these devices look like they could probably work for you, but let me tell you they don't".{{cite news|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/148710/gas_crisis_fuels_dubious_online_offers.html|title=Gas Crisis Fuels Dubious Online Offers|last=Spring|first=Tom|date=July 28, 2008|publisher=PC World|access-date=August 23, 2008|archive-date=August 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823025640/http://www.pcworld.com/article/148710/gas_crisis_fuels_dubious_online_offers.html|url-status=live}}

{{main|Gasoline pill}}

Related to the water-fuelled car hoax are claims that additives, often a pill, can convert the water into usable fuel, similar to a carbide lamp, in which a high-energy additive produces the combustible fuel. These claims are all false, and often with fraudulent intent, as water itself cannot contribute any energy to the process.

A hydrogen on demand vehicle uses a chemical reaction to produce hydrogen from water. The hydrogen is then burned in an internal combustion engine or used in a fuel cell to generate electricity which powers the vehicle. These designs take energy from the chemical that reacts with water; vehicles of this type are not precluded by the laws of nature. Aluminium, magnesium, and sodium borohydride react with water to generate hydrogen and have been used in hydrogen on demand prototypes. Eventually, the chemical runs out and has to be replenished.{{cite web

|url=http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/hydrogen-on-demand.htm

|title=Hydrogen On Demand

|access-date=2008-08-13

|archive-date=September 15, 2008

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915060747/http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/hydrogen-on-demand.htm

|url-status=live

}}

{{cite web

|url=http://www.csrwire.com/PressRelease.php?id=744

|title=Millennium Cell Provides Ford With Prototype Hydrogen On Demand Fuel System for Evaluation

|access-date=2008-08-13

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020060101/http://www.csrwire.com/PressRelease.php?id=744

|archive-date=October 20, 2008

|url-status=dead

|df=mdy-all

}}

{{cite web

|url=http://www.engineuity.co.il/1360.html

|title=Engineuity presents a breakthrough in alternative fuel

|access-date=2008-08-13

|archive-date=September 21, 2008

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921023240/http://www.engineuity.co.il/1360.html

|url-status=live

}} The energy required to produce such compounds exceeds the energy obtained from their reaction with water.{{cite journal

| last = Adam

| first = David

| title = A fuel tank full of water

| journal = New Scientist

| pages = 35

| date = 2006-07-29

| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125621.200-a-fuel-tank-full-of-water.html

| access-date = 2007-03-01

| archive-date = April 2, 2015

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125621.200-a-fuel-tank-full-of-water.html

| url-status = live

}} "Forget cars fuelled by alcohol and vegetable oil. Before long, you might be able to run your car with nothing more than water in its fuel tank. It would be the ultimate zero-emissions vehicle."

One example of a hydrogen on demand device, created by scientists from the University of Minnesota and the Weizmann Institute of Science, uses boron to generate hydrogen from water. An article in New Scientist in July 2006 described the power source under the headline "A fuel tank full of water," and they quote Abu-Hamed as saying:

{{cquote|The aim is to produce the hydrogen on-board at a rate matching the demand of the car engine. We want to use the boron to save transporting and storing the hydrogen.}}

A vehicle powered by the device would take on water and boron instead of petrol, and generate boron trioxide. Elemental boron is difficult to prepare and does not occur naturally. Boron trioxide is an example of a borate, which is the predominant form of boron on earth. Thus, a boron-powered vehicle would require an economical method of preparing elemental boron. The chemical reactions describing the oxidation of boron are:

:4B + 6H2O -> 2B2O3 + 6H2 [Hydrogen generation step]

:6H2 + 3O2 -> 6H2O [Combustion step]

The balanced chemical equation representing the overall process (hydrogen generation and combustion) is:

:4B + 3O2 -> 2B2O3

As shown above, boron trioxide is the only net byproduct, and it could be removed from the car and turned back into boron and reused. Electricity input is required to complete this process, which Al-Hamed suggests could come from solar panels. Although it is possible to obtain elemental boron by electrolysis, a substantial expenditure of energy is required. The process of converting borates to elemental boron and back might be compared with the analogous process involving carbon: carbon dioxide could be converted to charcoal (elemental carbon), then burnt to produce carbon dioxide.

It is referred to in the pilot episode for the That '70s Show sitcom, as well as in the twenty-first episode of the fifth season and the series finale.

"Gashole" (2010), a documentary film about the history of oil prices and the future of alternative mentions multiple stories regarding engines that use water to increase mileage efficiency.

"Like Water for Octane," an episode of The Lone Gunmen,"[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243069/plotsummary The Lone Gunmen – Plot Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022118/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243069/plotsummary |date=March 31, 2017 }}." _IMDb_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed November 18, 2007. is based on a "water-powered" car that character Melvin Frohike saw with his own eyes back in 1962."[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0635311/ The Lone Gunmen – Like Water for Octane (2001) – Overview – Plot Outline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603181124/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0635311/ |date=June 3, 2019 }}." _IMDb_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed November 18, 2007.

The Water Engine, a David Mamet play made into a television film in 1994, tells the story of Charles Lang inventing an engine that runs using water for fuel. The plot centers on the many obstacles the inventor must overcome to patent his device."[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105788/plotsummary The Water Engine – Plot Summary for] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306224612/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105788/plotsummary |date=March 6, 2016 }}" IMDb. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed March 17, 2008.

The plot of the 1996 action film Chain Reaction revolves around a technology to turn water (via a type of self-sustaining bubble fusion & electrolysis) into fuel and official suppression of it.

A water-powered car was depicted in a 1997 episode of Team Knight Rider (a spinoff of the original Knight Rider TV series) entitled "Oil and Water". In the episode, the vehicle explodes after a character sabotages it by putting seltzer tablets in the fuel tank. The car shown was actually a Bricklin SV-1.

{{portal|Cars}}

• List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
• List of water fuel inventions
• Perpetual motion
• Water power engine

{{reflist|2}}

• {{Skeptoid | id=4087 | number= 87| title=Water: Alternative Fuel of the Future? Cranks love to make the claim on YouTube, but you cannot run your car on water | date=February 12, 2008| access-date=May 29, 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water-Fuelled Automobile}}

Category:Free energy conspiracy theories

Category:Fringe physics