Waters' view
{{Short description|Radiographic view}}
{{Infobox medical intervention
|Name=Waters' view
|specialty=Radiology
|image=Medical X-Ray imaging PZJ06 nevit.jpg
|caption=A Waters' view radiograph showing the paranasal sinuses}}
Waters' view (also known as the occipitomental view or parietoacanthial projection) is a radiographic view of the skull. It is commonly used to get a better view of the maxillary sinuses. An x-ray beam is angled at 45° to the orbitomeatal line. The rays pass from behind the head and are perpendicular to the radiographic plate. Another variation of the waters places the orbitomeatal line at a 37° angle to the image receptor. It is named after the American radiologist Charles Alexander Waters.
Uses
= Structures observed =
Waters' view can be used to best visualise a number of structures in the skull.
- Maxillary sinuses.
- Frontal sinuses, seen with an oblique view.
- Ethmoidal cells.
- Sphenoid sinus, seen through the open mouth.
- Odontoid process, where if it is just below the mentum, it confirms adequate extension of the head.
The Waters' view may not show the frontal sinus in detail.{{Cite book|last1=Freeman|first1=M. Brandon|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323034708000442|title=Plastic Surgery Secrets Plus|last2=Harshbarger|first2=Raymond J.|publisher=Mosby|year=2010|isbn=978-0-323-03470-8|edition=2nd|pages=291–294|language=en|chapter=44 - Fractures of the Frontal Sinus|doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-03470-8.00044-2}}
= Interpretation of results =
Procedure
Typically, the x-ray beam is angled at 45° to the orbitomeatal line.{{cite book|last1=Butler|first1=Paul|title=Applied Radiological Anatomy|last2=Mitchell|first2=Adam W. M.|date=Oct 28, 1999|isbn=9780521481106|pages=97}} Another variation of the waters places the orbitomeatal line at a 37° angle to the image receptor,{{Cite book|title=Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures|volume=2|pages=328}} or 30°.{{Cite book|last1=Archer-Arroyo|first1=Krystal|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323497558000104|title=Facial Trauma Surgery - From Primary Repair to Reconstruction|last2=Mirvis|first2=Stuart E.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2020|isbn=978-0-323-49755-8|pages=16–31|language=en|chapter=1.2 - Radiological Evaluation of the Craniofacial Skeleton|doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-49755-8.00010-4|s2cid=198282822 }}
History
File:Charles Alexander Waters (1888–1961).png
Waters' view is named after the American radiologist Charles Alexander Waters.{{Cite book|last=Chiu|first=Tor Wo|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1060523898|title=Stone's plastic surgery facts : a revision guide|date=2019|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-315-18567-5|edition=4|location=Boca Raton, FL|oclc=1060523898}} It is also known as the occipitomental view.{{Cite book|last1=Archer-Arroyo|first1=Krystal|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323497558000104|title=Facial Trauma Surgery - From Primary Repair to Reconstruction|last2=Mirvis|first2=Stuart E.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2020|isbn=978-0-323-49755-8|pages=16–31|language=en|chapter=1.2 - Radiological Evaluation of the Craniofacial Skeleton|doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-49755-8.00010-4|s2cid=198282822 }}