Wattle (construction)

Evidence of wattle construction was found at Woodcutts Settlement from the British Iron Age,[https://archive.org/details/developmentofeng0000inno/page/127/mode/1up?view=theater&q=wattle The Development of English Building Construction] by C. F. Innocent (1916) and the Roman Vitruvius wrote about wattles in his book on architecture, De architectura,[https://archive.org/details/vitruviusonarchi00vitruoft/page/128/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater Vitruvious On Architecture (translated in 1931 from the eighth century Latin), Book II, Chapter 8, paragraph 20] but the technique goes back to Neolithic times.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/530354 An Archaeomagnetic Study of a Wattle and Daub Building Collapse] by Gary D. Shaffer (1993)

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In England the Romans used wattlework for various purposes, as for the lining of wells, as at Caersws. ... In these Romano-British examples the wattling does not appear to have been in frames, as the rounded daubing of the ends of the wattling was found. Apparently the ends of the wattle stakes were merely driven into the ground without a sill ... Probably the ends of the Romano-British wattles were formed in the same manner as are hurdles in West Surrey to-day. The hurdle maker uses a 'hurdle frame,' a long shaped block slightly curved to hold the feet of the uprights, which are round rods; 'the man then weaves in horizontally the smaller split rods till he has filled up the hurdle. When he comes to either end he gives the rod a clever twist that opens the fibres and gives it something the character of a rope, so that it passes tough-stranded and unbroken round the end uprights.' When the twigs or wattles had been interwoven with the posts the hurdle became one homogenous whole.

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The construction of wattles starts with the uprights (staves), which are set into a frame or placed into the ground. Starting at the bottom, flexible saplings or branches, called withies, are woven in and out of the uprights (staves). Traditionally, willow shoots were used for wattle fence withies, as willow provides a hardy and fast-growing wood that can also be stored and then soaked to restore their flexibility.{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Weaving Wood: Twig Towers and Wattle Fences |url=https://www.growveg.com/guides/weaving-wood-twig-towers-and-wattle-fences/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=GrowVeg}} However, other woods like alder, hazel, maple, or birch, or water sprouts from pear and apple trees may also be used. Withies must be flexible, so spring wood or freshly-cut saplings work better than fallen branches or late summer wood.{{Cite web |last=mmichaud |date=2021-02-05 |title=What Maine trees and plants are the best to use when making wattle fences? - Cooperative Extension: Garden and Yard - University of Maine Cooperative Extension |url=https://extension.umaine.edu/gardening/2021/02/05/wattle-fences/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Cooperative Extension: Garden and Yard |language=en-US}} Withies must be long enough to be woven between at least three of the upright posts (staves) to achieve tension and retain the fence shape. After a layer of withies is woven between the staves, they are pushed down and the process is repeated, sometimes with staggering the start point of the withies.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/the-wisconsin-gardener-creating-an-english-wattle-fence/ |title=The Wisconsin Gardener {{!}} Creating an English Wattle Fence {{!}} Season 12 {{!}} Episode 1 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-04 |via=www.pbs.org}}

Wattle fences typically last up to 10 years, depending on the climate and the wood used.

File:Freilichtmuseum Groß Raden - Flechtwandhaus 4.jpg

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Wattles forms the basis of wattle and daub, a composite building material used for making walls, in which wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years, and is still an important construction material in many parts of the world. The technique is similar to modern lath and plaster, a common building material for wall and ceiling surfaces, in which a series of nailed wooden strips are covered with plaster smoothed into a flat surface. Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction, mostly as infill panels in timber frame construction.

• Basket weaving
• Lath and plaster

{{Reflist}}

• {{commons-inline|Category:Wattle work}}
• [https://www.forgottenwayfarms.com/forgotten-way-farms-blog/make-wattle-fencing-step-by-step How to make wattle fencing step by step]
• [https://insteading.com/blog/wattle-fence/ 37 Amazing Wattle Fences Around The World]

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Category:Building materials

Category:Materials

Category:Fences

Category:Perimeter security

Category:Wood products