Wayoró language

{{Infobox language

| name = Wayoró

| altname = Wayoro, Ajurú, Wajuru

| nativename = {{lang|wyr|wayoro emẽto}}

| pronunciation = {{IPA|[βajoˈɾo ɛmɛ̃ˈto]}}

| region = Rondônia (Brazil)

| ethnicity = Wajuru (ethnic population ~250, FUNASA/SESAI 2016){{rp|3}}

| speakers = 3 (+ 11 semispeakers)

| date = 2019

| ref = {{cite thesis |last1=Nogueira |first1=Antônia Fernanda de Souza |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Anogueira-2019/2019_AntoniaFernandaDeSouzaNogueira_VCorr.pdf |title=Predicação na língua Wayoro (Tupi): propriedades de finitude |location=São Paulo |publisher=Universidade de São Paulo |date=2019}}{{rp|3}}

| familycolor = tupian

| fam1 = Tupian

| fam2 = Tuparí

| iso3 = wyr

| dia1 = Ngwayoroiat (Wayoroiat)

| dia2 = Kupndiiriat

| glotto = wayo1238

| glottorefname = Wayoró

}}

Wayoró (also Wayoro, Ajurú, Wajuru; Wayoró: wayoro emẽto {{IPA|[βajoˈɾo ɛmɛ̃ˈto]}}) is a moribund Tuparian language (Tupian family), which is spoken in the state of Rondônia, in the Amazon region of Brazil. As of 2019, there were reported to be 3 speakers (all above 70 years old) and 11 semispeakers out of the ethnic population of approximately 250.{{rp|3}}

Dialects

The Wajuru people is subdivided into three subgroups: the Ngwayoroiat (‘those from the Stone’), the Ngwãkũyãian (‘the Agouti ones’), and the Kupndiiriat (‘the Forest ones’). Some lexical and phonological differences have been reported between the varieties spoken by the Ngwayoroiat (Wayoroiat) and by the Kupndiiriat.

Phonology

=Consonants=

The graphemes which correspond to each phoneme are given in {{grapheme|brackets}}.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ Consonant inventory{{rp\|8}} ! ! labial ! alveolar ! palatal ! velar ! labio-velar ! glottal
plosive \| {{IPA link\|p}} {{grapheme\|p}} \| {{IPA link\|t}} {{grapheme\|t}} \| {{IPA link\|tʃ}} {{grapheme\|tx}} \| {{IPA link\|k}} {{grapheme\|k}} \| {{IPA link\|kʷ}} {{grapheme\|kw}} \| {{IPAblink\|ʔ}} {{grapheme\|’}}{{efn\|Occurs in the onset position only (e.g. {{lang\|wyr\|o’uwa}} {{IPA\|[oʔʉβa]}} ‘my pot’, {{lang\|wyr\|o’ega}} {{IPA\|[oʔɛga]}} ‘my hiccup’, {{lang\|wyr\|apa’a}} {{IPA\|[apaʔa]}} ‘to weave a hammock horizontally’). The phonological status is given as uncertain by Nogueira (2019).{{rp\|11}}}}
nasal \| {{IPA link\|m}} {{grapheme\|m, mb}} \| {{IPA link\|n}} {{grapheme\|n, nd}} \| {{IPA link\|ɲ}} {{grapheme\|y, dj}} \| {{IPA link\|ŋ}} {{grapheme\|ng, g}} \| {{IPA link\|ŋʷ}} {{grapheme\|ngw, gw}} \|
sonorant \| {{IPA link\|β}} {{grapheme\|w}} \| {{IPA link\|ɾ}} {{grapheme\|r}} \| \| \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Consonant inventory{{rp|8}}

! labial

! alveolar

! palatal

! velar

! labio-velar

! glottal

plosive

| {{IPA link|p}} {{grapheme|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}} {{grapheme|t}}

| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{grapheme|tx}}

| {{IPA link|k}} {{grapheme|k}}

| {{IPA link|kʷ}} {{grapheme|kw}}

| {{IPAblink|ʔ}} {{grapheme|’}}{{efn|Occurs in the onset position only (e.g. {{lang|wyr|o’uwa}} {{IPA|[oʔʉβa]}} ‘my pot’, {{lang|wyr|o’ega}} {{IPA|[oʔɛga]}} ‘my hiccup’, {{lang|wyr|apa’a}} {{IPA|[apaʔa]}} ‘to weave a hammock horizontally’). The phonological status is given as uncertain by Nogueira (2019).{{rp|11}}}}

nasal

| {{IPA link|m}} {{grapheme|m, mb}}

| {{IPA link|n}} {{grapheme|n, nd}}

| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{grapheme|y, dj}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{grapheme|ng, g}}

| {{IPA link|ŋʷ}} {{grapheme|ngw, gw}}

sonorant

| {{IPA link|β}} {{grapheme|w}}

| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{grapheme|r}}

Underlying nasal consonants may be partially or fully oralized in oral environments. Nogueira (2019) describes the following allophones:

/m/ → {{IPA|[m]}} {{grapheme|m}}, {{IPA|[mb]}} {{grapheme|mb}}
/n/ → {{IPA|[n]}} {{grapheme|n}}, {{IPA|[nd]}} {{grapheme|nd}}
/ɲ/ → {{IPA|[ɲ, j, j̃, jᵗ]}} {{grapheme|y}}, {{IPA|[ndʒ, dʒ]}} {{grapheme|dj}}
/ŋ/ → {{IPA|[ŋ, ŋg]}} {{grapheme|ng}}, {{IPA|[g]}} {{grapheme|g}}
/ŋʷ/ → {{IPA|[ŋʷ, ŋgʷ]}} {{grapheme|ngw}}, {{IPA|[gʷ]}} {{grapheme|gw}}

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ Vowel inventory{{rp\|9}} ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" \| ! colspan="2" \| front ! colspan="2" \| central ! colspan="2" \| back
{{small\|short}} \|\| {{small\|long}} ! {{small\|short}} \|\| {{small\|long}} ! {{small\|short}} \|\| {{small\|long}}
rowspan="2" \| high ! {{small\|oral}} \| {{IPA link\|i}} {{grapheme\|i}} \|\| {{IPA\|iː}} {{grapheme\|ii}} \| {{IPA link\|ʉ}} {{grapheme\|u}} \|\| {{IPA\|ʉː}} {{grapheme\|uu}} \| \|\|
{{small\|nasal}} \| {{IPA\|ĩ}} {{grapheme\|ĩ}} \|\| {{IPA\|ĩː}} {{grapheme\|ĩi}} \| {{IPA\|ʉ̃}} {{grapheme\|ũ}} \|\| {{IPA\|ʉ̃ː}} {{grapheme\|ũu}} \| \|\|
rowspan="2" \| mid ! {{small\|oral}} \| {{IPA link\|ɛ}} {{grapheme\|e}} \|\| {{IPA\|ɛː}} {{grapheme\|ee}} \| \|\| \| {{IPA link\|o}} {{grapheme\|o}} \|\| {{IPA\|oː}} {{grapheme\|oo}}
{{small\|nasal}} \| {{IPA\|ɛ̃}} {{grapheme\|ẽ}} \|\| {{IPA\|ɛ̃ː}} {{grapheme\|ẽe}} \| \|\| \| {{IPA\|õ}} {{grapheme\|õ}} \|\| {{IPA\|õː}} {{grapheme\|õo}}
rowspan="2" \| low ! {{small\|oral}} \| \|\| \| {{IPA link\|a}} {{grapheme\|a}} \|\| {{IPA\|aː}} {{grapheme\|aa}} \| \|\|
{{small\|nasal}} \| \|\| \| {{IPA\|ã}} {{grapheme\|ã}} \|\| {{IPA\|ãː}} {{grapheme\|ãa}} \| \|\|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Vowel inventory{{rp|9}}

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | front

! colspan="2" | central

! colspan="2" | back

{{small|short}} || {{small|long}}

! {{small|short}} || {{small|long}}

rowspan="2" | high

! {{small|oral}}

| {{IPA link|i}} {{grapheme|i}} || {{IPA|iː}} {{grapheme|ii}}

| {{IPA link|ʉ}} {{grapheme|u}} || {{IPA|ʉː}} {{grapheme|uu}}

| ||

| {{IPA|ĩ}} {{grapheme|ĩ}} || {{IPA|ĩː}} {{grapheme|ĩi}}

| {{IPA|ʉ̃}} {{grapheme|ũ}} || {{IPA|ʉ̃ː}} {{grapheme|ũu}}

| ||

rowspan="2" | mid

! {{small|oral}}

| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{grapheme|e}} || {{IPA|ɛː}} {{grapheme|ee}}

| ||

| {{IPA link|o}} {{grapheme|o}} || {{IPA|oː}} {{grapheme|oo}}

| {{IPA|ɛ̃}} {{grapheme|ẽ}} || {{IPA|ɛ̃ː}} {{grapheme|ẽe}}

| ||

| {{IPA|õ}} {{grapheme|õ}} || {{IPA|õː}} {{grapheme|õo}}

rowspan="2" | low

! {{small|oral}}

| ||

| {{IPA link|a}} {{grapheme|a}} || {{IPA|aː}} {{grapheme|aa}}

| ||

| {{IPA|ã}} {{grapheme|ã}} || {{IPA|ãː}} {{grapheme|ãa}}

| ||

Syntax

As in other Tuparian languages, the main clauses of Wayoró follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). This is exemplified below.{{cite journal |last1=Galucio |first1=Ana Vilacy |last2=de Souza Nogueira |first2=Antônia Fernanda |title=From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family) |journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics |date=20 July 2018 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=95–127 |doi=10.1075/jhl.16025.gal}}{{rp|99}}

{{interlinear |number=1) |glossing2=yes |glossing4=yes |glossing=link

|Eamõyãn (en).

|s-V (S)

|/e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/

|2-dance-TH-NFUT (2.NOM)

|‘You danced.’}}

{{interlinear |number=2) |glossing2=yes |glossing4=yes |glossing=link

|Etopkwap nã on.

|p-V {} A

|/e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/

|2-see-PL-TH-p FUT 1.NOM

|‘I’ll see you every day.’}}

References

External links

ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0233 Documentation of Urgently Endangered Tupian Languages (including Ajuru)]
[http://tular.clld.org TuLaR (Tupian Languages Resources)]

Category:Tupian languages

Category:Languages of South America

Category:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area