White-lined tanager
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = White-lined tanager
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image= White-lined tanager (Tachyphonus rufus) male Las Tangaras.jpg
| image_caption = male, Colombia
| image2=White-lined tanager (Tachyphonus rufus) female.jpg
| image2_caption = female, Trinidad
| genus = Tachyphonus
| species = rufus
| authority = (Boddaert, 1783)
| range_map = Tachyphonus rufus map.svg
| synonyms = Tangara rufa (protonym)
}}
The white-lined tanager (Tachyphonus rufus) is a medium-sized passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is a resident breeder from Costa Rica south to northern Argentina and on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.
Taxonomy
The white-lined tanager was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1779 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from specimens collected in Cayenne, French Guiana.{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1779 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=7 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | pages=361–362 | chapter=Le tangara noire et le tangara roux | language=fr | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42297152 }} The female bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Le tangaroux, de Cayenne | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=8 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 711 | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35218317 }} Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Tangara rufa in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.{{cite book | last=Boddaert | first=Pieter | author-link=Pieter Boddaert | year=1783 | title=Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés | place=Utrecht | page=44, Number 711 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822664 | language=fr }} The white-lined tanager is now placed in the genus Tachyphonus and was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816 with the white-lined tanager as the type species.{{cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire | publisher=Deterville/self | year=1816 | location=Paris | page=33 | language=fr| url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f39.image }}{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=288 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483523 }}{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers | website=IOC World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/warblers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=4 October 2019 }} The name combines the Ancient Greek words takhus "fast" and phōneō "to speak".{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2018 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/key-to-scientific-names-in-ornithology?name=Tachyphonus | access-date=2 April 2018 }} The specific rufus is Latin for "red", "ruddy" or "rufous".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n341 341] }} The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
Description
The adult white-lined tanager is {{cvt|18.5|cm}} long and weighs {{convert|33|g|oz|abbr=on}}. It has a long tail and a mostly black stout pointed bill. The adult male is glossy black, apart from white underwing coverts and a small white patch on the upperwing. These white areas are conspicuous in flight but otherwise rarely visible. Females and immatures are entirely rufous in plumage, somewhat paler below.
Distribution and habitat
It occurs in semi-open areas including gardens.
Behaviour and ecology
=Breeding=
In the breeding season, the male displays the white spots which he has under his wings, opening them and closing them in front of the female. The bulky cup nest is built in a tree or shrub, and the female incubates three, sometimes two, brown-blotched cream eggs for 14–15 days. This species has, on average, two broods per season.
They appear to be territorial, as only one nesting pair is usually seen in an area. They rarely join mixed feeding flocks. The white-lined tanager's song is a fast repetitive cheeru.
=Food and feeding=
These are restless but unwary birds which eat a wide variety of fruit, especially epiphytes. They also take some nectar and insects, including beetles, ants, and grasshoppers.
Local names in Trinidad and Tobago include 'Parson' (for the male) and 'Singing Angel'; on these islands, the species is highly valued for its whistling ability.
Gallery
File:Tachyphonus rufus-20090405.jpg|Female
File:Tachyphonus rufus - 2009-02-08.jpg|Male
Tachyphonus rufus -Asa Wright Nature Centre, Northern Range, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago -pair-8a-3c.jpg|pair feeding at Asa Wright Nature Centre
References
{{Reflist|refs=
}}
- {{cite book
| last = ffrench
| first = Richard
| title = A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
| edition = 2nd
| year = 1991
| publisher=Comstock Publishing
| isbn = 0-8014-9792-2 }}
- {{cite book
| last = Hilty
| first = Steven L
| title = Birds of Venezuela
| publisher=Christopher Helm
| year = 2003
| location = London
| isbn = 0-7136-6418-5 }}
External links
{{Commons category|Tachyphonus rufus}}
{{Wikispecies|Tachyphonus rufus}}
- {{InternetBirdCollection|white-lined-tanager-tachyphonus-rufus|White-lined Tanager}}
- {{VIREO|white-lined+tanager}}
- [http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/white-linedtanager.html White-lined Tanager Tachyphonus rufus] at [http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/south%20american%20index.html Arthur Grosset's South American Birds Website]
- [http://www.pbase.com/terrythormin/trinidadandtobago White-lined Tanager photos] in "Trinidad and Tobago Birds" album by "terrythormin" at [http://www.pbase.com pbase.com]
- {{NeotropicalBirds|whltan1|White-lined tanager}}
- {{IUCN_Map|22722400/167757539|Tachyphonus rufus}}
- {{Xeno-canto species|Tachyphonus|rufus|White-lined tanager}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3116434}}
Category:Birds of South America
Category:Birds of the Caribbean
Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield
Category:Birds of the Caatinga
Category:Birds of the Pantanal
Category:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago