Wikipedia:Citation templates
{{short description|Wikimedia guide on citation templates}}
{{Redirect|WP:CT|special procedures on contentious topics|WP:CTOP|WikiProject Connecticut|WP:CONN|the capitalisation style of compositions|MOS:CT|cleanup template messages|WP:TC|the colon trick|WP:COLON}}
{{Self reference|See also: WP:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources for cleanup request templates, such as "citation needed" and many more.}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citation tools|Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference}}
{{Wikipedia how-to|WP:CITET|WP:CIT|WP:CT}}
Citation templates are used to format citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations by hand. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Because templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus; see WP:CITECONSENSUS and WP:CITEVAR. The various citation templates may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format.
WP:DUPLINK and WP:OVERLINK do not apply to citations. It is expected that a reference citation includes wikilinks to the relevant article for the source, such as The New York Times, rather than The New York Times.
Use in footnotes
{{Further|Help:Footnotes}}
{{VE documentation}}
For a citation to appear in a footnote, it needs to be enclosed in "ref" tags. You can add these by typing {{tag|ref|o}} at the front of the citation and {{tag|ref|c}} at the end. Alternatively you may notice above the edit box there is a row of "markup" formatting buttons which include a {{button|
Note, if this is a new page or if there are not already references previously cited, it is necessary to create a section usually named "Notes" or "References" near the end of the page; see WP:FNNR and MOS:APPENDIX for more information on section names:
{{sxhl|2=wikitext|
{{Reflist}}}}
or
Using the same footnote multiple times
{{Further|WP:REFNAME}}
Add a name attribute when creating a footnote {{tag|ref|params=name="name"|content=citation text}}. Thereafter, the footnote may be referenced by just using the following expression {{tag|ref|s|params=name="name"}}.
Using multiple pages from the same source
{{Further|Help:References and page numbers}}
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, there are two main methods of unifying them instead of copying a completely new citation. One method is {{sfnote}}, which automatically displays an entirely new reference listing in the References section per unique page citation. Another method is to use the template {{tl|rp}}, which appends any type of positional information (such as page numbers, chapter numbers, or audiovisual time code) directly to each given citation in the article body, which would result in text such as {{rp|2345}} appearing after a superscripted footnote number.
Creating links to citations
Wikilinks to citation templates can be created using the templates {{tl|harv}}, {{tl|harvnb}}, {{tl|harvtxt}}, {{tl|sfn}}, etc. For example, this "{{harvnb|Mumford|1999}}" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest when using shortened footnotes.Parenthetical referencing may also use wikilinks to citation templates, but inline parenthetical referencing was deprecated in September 2020. In contrast to parenthetical referencing or shortened footnotes, citations using the footnote system don't require wikilinks of course, as the inline citations in this method simply appear as numbers within the text, linking to a list of full citations (and notes) at the end of the article (like this). (See the examples below or wikilinks to full references.)
Using commas rather than periods
{{tl|Citation}} creates a citation in the same format as most of the {{cs1}} templates, except that the periods (or full stops) are replaced with commas, and there is no final period or full stop. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by {{tl|citation}} can be found at {{tl|citation/core}}. The parameter {{para|mode}} can be used to alter the punctuation.
Examples
{{Category see also|Citation templates}}
Below are examples of how to use various templates to cite a book, encyclopedia, journal, website, comic strip, video, editorial comics, etc.
- For full description of a template and the parameters which can be used with it—click the template name (e.g. {{tl|Citation}} or {{cite xxx}}) in the "template" column of the table below.
- Required field(s) are indicated in bold
- Copy and paste the text under "common usage" to use the template.
- Following each example is the resulting article text.
For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: Wikipedia:Citation tools.
Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: Wikipedia:Footnotes.
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| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" |
| Source
! Template ! Common usage ! Examples |
|---|
| rowspan=2 | book
| {{tl|cite book}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | publisher = | series = | volume = | edition = | date = | location = | pages = | language = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm =}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | publisher = Springer-Verlag | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | location = Berlin | date = 1899 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} {{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | publisher = Springer-Verlag | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | location = Berlin | date = 1999 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} {{cite book | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan | title = Manual of the Planes | location = Berlin | publisher = Wizards of the Coast | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} {{cite book | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan | title = Manual of the Planes | location = Berlin | publisher = Wizards of the Coast | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} |
| {{tl|Citation}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | place = | publisher = | series = | volume = | orig-date = | year = | edition = | chapter = | chapter-url = | page = | pages = | language = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | place = Berlin | publisher = Springer-Verlag | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | date = 1989 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} {{Citation | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | place = Berlin | publisher = Springer-Verlag | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | date = 1998 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} {{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = Manual of the Planes | place = Berlin | publisher = Wizards of the Coast | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} {{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = Manual of the Planes | place = Berlin | publisher = Wizards of the Coast | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} |
| rowspan=2 | journal paper thesis dissertation See also {{Tl|cite thesis}} | {{tl|cite journal}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite journal | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite journal | author-link = Stephen Brey... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} {{cite journal | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Breyer | title = Copyright: A Rejoinder | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} {{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} {{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} |
| {{tl|Citation}} journal (or periodical) | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | orig-date = | year = | language = | url = | jstor = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Bre... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} {{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Breyer | title = Copyright: A Rejoinder | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} {{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} {{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf | issn = 0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} |
| rowspan = 2 | website
| {{tl|cite web}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url = http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url = http://web.archive... | archive-date = 3 March 2006}} {{cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research in the News: Thalidomide | website = | url = http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html | access-date = 30 April 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060303065356/http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html | archive-date = 3 March 2006}} {{cite web | title = | url = | website = | date = | access-date = }} (Write date as one of the formats shown at MOS:DATE; e.g. {{para|date|22 July 2009}} or {{para|date|July 22, 2009}}.) {{cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | author-link = James E. Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | website = NASA.gov | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}} {{cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | author-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation | website = NASA.gov | publisher = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/ | access-date = September 28, 2006}} |
| {{tl|Citation}} title url | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | publisher = | date = | year = | url = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url=http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006}} {{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research in the News: Thalidomide | url = http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html | access-date = 30 April 2006}} {{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}} {{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation | publisher = NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/ | access-date = September 28, 2006}} |
| comic book
Notes on {{tl|cite comic}}:
| style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite comic | writer= | penciller= | inker= | story= | title= | volume= | issue= | date= | publisher= | page= | panel= }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite comic | writer=Lee, Stan | penciller=Kirby, Jack | inker=Rule, Christopher | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=The Fantastic Four | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November 1961 | publisher=Marvel Comics | page=3 | panel=2}} {{cite comic | writer=Lee, Stan | penciller=Kirby, Jack | inker=Rule, Christopher | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=The Fantastic Four | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November 1961 | publisher=Marvel Comics | page=3 | panel=2}} |
| comic strip
| style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite comic | cartoonist= | strip= | paper= | location= | date= | supplement= | syndicate= | page= }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite comic | cartoonist=Caniff, Milton | strip=Steve Canyon | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=July 15, 1967 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1}} {{cite comic | cartoonist=Caniff, Milton | strip=Steve Canyon | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=July 15, 1967 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1}} |
| rowspan=2 | conference report or paper | {{tl|cite conference}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite conference | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | book-title = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite conference | last = Turk | first = M. | first2 = A. | last2 = Pentland | title = Face recognition ... | book-title = Proc IEEE Con... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} {{cite conference | last = Turk | first = M. | author-link = | first2 = A. | last2 = Pentland | title = Face recognition using eigenfaces | book-title = Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} {{cite conference | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | title = Direct detection of the ... | book-title = American Astronomical Society 207th ... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm}} {{cite conference | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | title = Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope | book-title = American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | url = http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm}} |
| {{tl|Citation}} contribution title | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author-link2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-last2 = | editor-first2 = | contribution = | contribution-url = | series = | date = | pages = | place = | publisher = | url = | doi = | id = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recog... | title = Proc IEEE Confere... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} {{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Petland | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recognition using eigenfaces | title = Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} {{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of ... | title = American Astronomical... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | contribution-url = http://...30.htm}} {{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope | title = American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | contribution-url = http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm}} |
| court case (legal decision)
| {{tl|Cite court}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite court | litigants = | vol = | reporter = | opinion = | pinpoint = | court = | date = | url= }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite court | litigants=Roe v. Wade | vol=410 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=113 | date=1973 | url=https://www.law.corn...}} {{cite court | litigants=Roe v. Wade | vol=410 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=113 | date=1973 | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/410/113}} |
| rowspan=3 | dictionary, encyclopedia, other edited collection | {{tl|cite dictionary}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite dictionary | title = | dictionary = | volume = | page = | publisher = | date = | id = | url = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite dictionary | title = word, n. ... | dictionary = American Dictionary ... | editor-last = Webst... | editor-first = Noah | editor-link = Noah Webst... | publisher = Meriam-Webster | date = 1890 }} {{cite dictionary | title = word, n. | dictionary = American Dictionary of the English Language | editor-last = Webster | editor-first = Noah | editor-link = Noah Webster | publisher = Meriam-Webster | date = 1890}} |
| {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} title encyclopedia | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite encyclopedia | title = | encyclopedia = | volume = | pages = | publisher = | date = | id = | url = | access-date =}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard... | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} {{cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard, Ole Lund | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Prins | editor-last = Winkler Prins | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Winkler Prins | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = }} {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = }} |
| {{tl|Citation}} contribution=name of article | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = | first = | contribution = | date = | title = | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place = | publisher = | id = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard... | title = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} {{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard, Ole Lund | title = Grote Winkler Prins | editor-last = Winkler Prins | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Winkler Prins | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} {{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | date = 1999 | contribution-url = http://...is.htm}} {{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | date = 1999 | contribution-url = }} |
| episode (television or radio) | {{tl|cite episode}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite episode | title = | episode-link = | url = | series = | series-link = | credits = | network = | station = | air-date = | began = | ended = | season = | seriesno = | number = | minutes = | transcript = | transcript-url= }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite episode | title = BBC-TV Presents: ... | episode-link = BBC Snooker World ... | series = Wide World of Snooker | series-link = Wide World of Snooker ... | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ... | network = BBC | station = BBC Two | city = Sheffield, ... | air-date = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34}} {{cite episode | title = BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible | episode-link = BBC Snooker World Championship coverage (2008) | series = Wide World of Snooker | series-link = Wide World of Snooker (tv show) | credits = Presenters: Dennis Taylor and Clive Everton | network = BBC | station = BBC Two | location = Sheffield, England | air-date = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34}} {{cite episode | title = Duet | episode-link = Duet (Stargate Atlant... | series = Stargate Atlantis | series-link = Stargate Atlantis | air-date = August 5, 2005 | season = 2 | number = 4}} {{cite episode | title = Duet | episode-link = Duet (Stargate Atlantis) | series = Stargate Atlantis | series-link = Stargate Atlantis | air-date = August 5, 2005 | season = 2 | number = 4}} |
| mailing list
| {{tl|cite mailing list}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite mailing list | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | mailing-list = | date = | url = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite mailing list | last=Murdock | first=Ian | author-link=Ian Murdock | title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9... | mailing-list=debian-announce | date=26 October 1995 | url=https://lists.debian.or... | access-date =20 April 2007}} {{cite mailing list | last = Murdock | first = Ian | author-link = Ian Murdock | title = Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available | mailing-list = debian-announce | date = 26 October 1995 | url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/1995/msg00007.html | access-date =20 April 2007}} |
| map
| {{tl|cite map}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite map | author = | date = | title = | url = | publisher = | section = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite map | author=Kansas Departmen... | date=2005 | title=Official State Trans... | url=http://www.ksdot.org/b... | edition=2005–2006 | location=Topeka | publisher=Kansas Departmen... | section=F9 | access-date=March 30, 2007}} {{cite map | author=Kansas Department of Transportation | date=2005 | title=Official State Transportation Map | url=http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/state-pdf/kansas0708.pdf | edition=2005–2006 | location=Topeka | publisher=Kansas Department of Transportation | section=F9 | access-date=March 30, 2007}} {{cite map | author1=Skelly Oil Company | author2=Diversified Map Co | date=1966 | title=Highway Map of Oklahoma | scale=[1:1,500,000] | location=St. Louis | publisher=Diversified Map Co | section=11C | oclc=67708775}} {{cite map | author1=Skelly Oil Company | author2=Diversified Map Co | date=1966 | title=Highway Map of Oklahoma | scale=[1:1,500,000] | location=St. Louis | publisher=Diversified Map Co | section=11C | oclc=67708775}} |
| rowspan = 2 | news article
| {{tl|cite news}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite news | last = | first = | title = | newspaper = | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = | url = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite news | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk ...}} {{cite news | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html}} {{cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | work = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/vet... | access-date = 6 June 2006}} {{cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success | work = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/veteran-ceo-of-go-daddy.html | access-date = 6 June 2006}} |
| {{tl|Citation}} newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical) | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | newspaper = | pages = | date = | year = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{Citation | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk ... | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web ... | archive-date = 2010-03-06}} {{Citation | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220409194416/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html | archive-url = http://www.webcitation.org/5o2QlSnnD | archive-date = 2010-03-06}} {{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/vet... | access-date = 2 June 2006}} {{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/veteran-ceo-of-go-daddy.html | access-date = 2 June 2006}} |
| newsgroup posting (DO NOT USE TO VERIFY) | {{tl|cite newsgroup}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite newsgroup | title = | author = | date = | newsgroup = | id = | url = | access-date = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del... | date = January 11, 2004 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub... | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2... | url = https://groups.googl... | access-date = May 16, 2006}} {{cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd | date = January 11, 2004 | newsgroup = microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl | url = https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion/c/u9q3ph_2q5M/m/-xerngvF8VQJ?pli=1 | access-date = May 16, 2006}} {{cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Af... | author = Trodel | date = June 10, 2006 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob... | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20... | url = https://groups.google.com/g... | access-date = July 3, 2006}} {{cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest | author = Trodel | date = June 10, 2006 | newsgroup = humanities.philosophy.objectivism | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com | url = https://groups.google.com/g/humanities.philosophy.objectivism/c/ef2e9BmRTy4 | access-date = July 3, 2006}} |
| patent
| {{tl|Cite patent}} | style="vertical-align: top;"| {{cite patent | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventor-link = | inventor-last2 = | inventor-first2 = | inventor-link2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }} | {{cite patent | inventor-last1 = Degermark | inventor-first1 = Mikael | inventor-last2 = Brodnik | inventor-first2 = Andrej | inventor-last3 = Carlsson | inventor-first3 = Svante | inventor-last4 = Pink | inventor-first4 = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} {{cite patent | inventor-first1 = Mikael | inventor-last1 = Degermark | inventor-first2 = Andrej | inventor-last2 = Brodnik | inventor-first3 = Svante | inventor-last3 = Carlsson | inventor-first4 = Stephen | inventor-last4 = Pink | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} |
| press release
| {{tl|cite press release}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite press release |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |agency= |access-date=}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite press release |last=Roithmayr |first=Mark |date=February 5, 2007 |title=Autism Speaks ... |url=http://autismspeaks.org... |location=New York |publisher=Autism Speaks |access-date=November 19, 2007}} {{cite press release |last=Roithmayr |first=Mark |date=February 5, 2007 |title=Autism Speaks and Cure Autism Now Complete Merger |url=http://autismspeaks.org/press/autism_speaks_can_complete.php |location=New York |publisher=Autism Speaks |access-date=November 19, 2007}} {{cite press release |author= |title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up... |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com... |location=Overland Park, Kansas |publisher=Sprint Nextel |date=November 26, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012}} {{cite press release |author= |title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up in 11 New Cities and Counties in Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=2468 |location=Overland Park, Kansas |publisher=Sprint Nextel |date=November 26, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012}} |
| video (movie, television production, documentary, etc.) | {{tl|cite AV media}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite AV media | people = | title = | medium = | publisher = | location = | date = | url = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite AV media | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) | title = Harab libnan | medium = Television production | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om... | location = Lebanon | date = 2001}} {{cite AV media | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) | title = Harab libnan | medium = Television production | publisher = Al-Issawi, Omar | location = Lebanon | date = 2001}} {{cite AV media | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock... | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | date = 2005}} {{cite AV media | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969) | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | date = 2005}} |
| video game
| {{tl|cite video game}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite video game | title = | developer = | publisher = | date = | platform = | version = | level = | language = | isolang = | quote = }} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite video game | title=Halo 3 | developer= Bungie | publisher=Microsoft Game Studios | date=September 25, 2007 | platform=Xbox 360 | version=1.0 | level=The Storm | language=English | isolang= | quote=Arbiter: More Brutes? /...}} {{cite video game | title=Halo 3 | developer= Bungie | publisher=Microsoft Game Studios | date=September 25, 2007 | platform=Xbox 360 | version=1.0 | level=The Storm | language=English | isolang= | quote=Arbiter: More Brutes? / Master Chief: Worse.}} |
| Wikidata
| {{tl|Cite Q}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite Q | QID}} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {{cite Q|Q29396757}} {{cite Q|Q29396757}} |
----
- {{Tl|cite album-notes}}
- {{Tl|cite thesis}}
Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples
{{See also|Template:Harvard citation documentation}}
These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All of the following templates are supported: {{tl|citation}} · {{tl|cite book}} · {{tl|cite journal}} · {{tl|cite web}} · {{tl|cite conference}} · {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} · {{tl|cite mailing list}} · {{tl|cite news}} · {{tl|cite press release}} · {{tl|cite arXiv}} · {{tl|cite AV media}} (an up-to-date list is at Help:Citation Style 1). To use the links, the template must define {{para|surname}} (or {{para|last}}) and {{para|date}} (or {{para|year}}).
| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" class="wikitable" |
| What to type
! What it makes |
|---|
| valign = "top"
| style="font-family:monospace;" |
{{tl|reflist}} | {{Fake heading|Notes}} {{refbegin}} {{refend}} |
| valign = "top"
| style="font-family:monospace;" | Templates used within {{tag|ref}} tags or within the {{tl|efn}} family of templates:
(multi-author)
|
|
| valign = "top"
| style="font-family:monospace;" | Three Harvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. These are also used within {{tag|ref}} tags or within the {{tl|efn}} family of templates:
| Harvcol templates
|
Variations
Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link a short citation (e.g. {{harvnb|Turner|1851}}) with the full citation in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short citations.
There are three primary ways to format individual full citations:
- By hand. These are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes, each individual full citation can be surrounded with {{tl|wikicite}} to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.
- Using the {{cs1}} templates, such as {{tl|cite book}}, {{tl|cite web}}, {{tl|cite journal}}, or {{tl|cite news}}.
- Using the generic {{tl|Citation}} template.
The main differences between the generic {{tl|Citation}} template and the specific {{cs1}} templates are:
- The {{cs1}} templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while {{tl|Citation}} separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the {{para|separator}} and {{para|postscript}} parameters.)
- Not all {{cs1}} templates can easily be replaced by the {{tl|Citation}} template. Generally, any {{cs1}} template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.
- Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} template, with {{para|title}} for the article name and {{para|encyclopedia}} for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in {{tl|Citation}} are named {{code|contribution}} and {{code|title}}, respectively.
There are three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article (see Help:Citations quick reference for a tabular comparison of these three ways):
- Footnotes. These simply place the citation inside of a {{tag|ref}} reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an endnote) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using {{tl|reflist}}, which is typically placed by itself in a Notes (or References) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using
<ref name="foo">...</ref>the first time, and just<ref name="foo"/>elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the {{tl|rp}} template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number. - Footnotes with list-defined references. All inline citations take the form
<ref name="foo"/>. The reference list at the end of the article is a list of full citations, each of which takes the form<ref name="foo">...</ref>, all of which are surrounded by<references>...</references>. - Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full citation appearing in the footnote, a short form appears (e.g. {{harvnb|Turner|1851}}), giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in (typically) alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.
When using shortened footnotes, there are three ways to link the short and full references:
- Insert manual links. These look like e.g.
Pereira 2006, p. 25 #CITEREFPereira2006) is automatically attached to the full reference; if the full reference is typed by hand, surround the reference with {{tl|wikicite}} to attach the anchor to it. - Insert links using a Harvard citation template, e.g.
See, for example: {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}} - Use the {{tlx|sfn}} template for the whole of the footnote. The {{tlx|sfn}} template creates its own named {{tag|ref}} tags: {{tlx|sfn|Pereira|2006|4=p=25}} is exactly equivalent to {{tag|ref|content=
Pereira 2006 , p. 25.|params=name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625}} which is itself equivalent to {{tag|ref|content={{tlx|Harvnb|Pereira|2006|4=p=25}}|params=name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625}}.
See also WP:Footnotes and WP:Citing sources for general information, and WP:CITEX for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.
Discussing citations on talk pages
When citations are brought to talk pages, noticeboards and other discussions, follow the group of citations, or the text you have added, with {{tl|Reflist-talk}}.
{{pre|
This template places the citations in their own box under the bold header References at the position where the template was inserted; otherwise the citations (and any others in the talk page) will be listed at the end of the talk page, below all sections. The resulting reference box does not appear in the table of contents.
See also
{{Sidebar
| class = wikitable plainlinks
| width = auto
| titlestyle = background:#dadde3;padding:0.2em;
| title =Citation tools
| contentclass = plainlist
| contentstyle = padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.6em;
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- [https://citer.toolforge.org/ Citer]
- [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ Biomedical cite]
- [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/ Citation bot]
- [https://tools.wmflabs.org/dupdet/ Dup detector]
- [https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/ MakeRef]
- [https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/ Refill]
- [https://archive.org/ WayBack]
- Web2Cit
}}
- Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles for templates about citation-related problems in articles
- Help:Citation merging for bundling multiple citations into a single footnote
- Wikipedia:How to avoid duplicated citations{{-}}
Notes
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Wikipedia help pages}}
{{Wikipedia technical help|collapsed}}