Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Hypertension

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is chronically elevated.{{cite book|last1=Naish|first1=Jeannette|last2=Court|first2=Denise Syndercombe|title=Medical sciences|date=2014|isbn=9780702052491|page=562|edition=2|url={{Google books|K21_AwAAQBAJ|page=PA562|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}

File:Rural India Improving blood pressure control (33907130113).jpg

{{clear}}

High blood pressure is very common, and affects between 16 and 37% of the population. In 2010, it was a factor in 9.4 million deaths globally.{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=NR|last2=Lackland|first2=DT|last3=Lisheng|first3=L|last4=Niebylski|first4=ML|last5=Nilsson|first5=PM|last6=Zhang|first6=XH|title=Using the Global Burden of Disease study to assist development of nation-specific fact sheets to promote prevention and control of hypertension and reduction in dietary salt: a resource from the World Hypertension League.|journal=Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)|date=March 2015|volume=17|issue=3|pages=165–67|pmid=25644474|doi=10.1111/jch.12479}}

File:Hypertension World Map Men 2014.png

File:Hypertensive heart disease world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg

{{clear}}

High blood pressure typically does not show any symptoms,{{cite web|title=High Blood Pressure Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_bloodpressure.htm|website=CDC|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=February 19, 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306125631/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_bloodpressure.htm|archivedate=6 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} but is a major risk factor for many life threatening conditions, including coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia.{{cite journal|last1=Lackland|first1=DT|last2=Weber|first2=MA|title=Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: hypertension at the core.|journal=The Canadian Journal of Cardiology|date=May 2015|volume=31|issue=5|pages=569–71|pmid=25795106|doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.009}}{{cite book|last1=Mendis|first1=Shanthi|last2=Puska|first2=Pekka|last3=Norrving|first3=Bo|title=Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control|date=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241564373|page=38|edition=1st|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=17 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}{{cite journal|last1=Hernandorena|first1=I|last2=Duron|first2=E|last3=Vidal|first3=JS|last4=Hanon|first4=O|title=Treatment options and considerations for hypertensive patients to prevent dementia|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=July 2017|volume=18|issue=10|pages=989–1000|doi=10.1080/14656566.2017.1333599|pmid=28532183|type=Review}}{{cite journal|last1=Lau|first1=DH|last2=Nattel|first2=S|last3=Kalman|first3=JM|last4=Sanders|first4=P|title=Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation|journal=Circulation|date=August 2017|volume=136|issue=6|pages=583–96|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023163|pmid=28784826|type=Review}}

File:Complications of hypertension whitebackground.png

{{clear}}

High blood pressure is classified as either primary, or secondary hypertension. Primary high blood pressure is also known as essential hypertension.

File:Hypertension types.png

{{clear}}

Roughly 90 to 95% of people with high blood pressure, have the primary type. This is high blood pressure caused by nonspecific lifestyle, and genetic factors.{{cite journal |author=Carretero OA, Oparil S |title=Essential hypertension. Part I: definition and etiology |journal=Circulation |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=329–35 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10645931 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/3/329.long |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.329 |last2=Oparil |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212030530/http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/3/329.long |archivedate=12 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}

File:Primary secondary ratio.png

{{clear}}

Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of primary hypertension include smoking, being overweight, too much salt in the diet, and excessive alcohol use.

File:Hypertension.jpg

{{clear}}

The remaining 5 to 10% of cases are secondary hypertension, where an identifiable cause can be found, such as the use of birth control pills, chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the arteries to the kidneys, or an endocrine disorder like hyperthyroidism.

File:Birth Control Pills.png

{{clear}}

Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements. The systolic number, which is the maximum pressure, and the diastolic number, which is the minimum pressure.

File:Hypertension-graphic-without-numbers.gif

{{clear}}

For instance, a blood pressure of 120 over 70 would be normal, in most people when they are at rest. {{cite journal|last = Giuseppe|first = Mancia|title = 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)|journal = European Heart Journal|date = July 2013|volume = 34|issue = 28|pages = 2159–219|pmid = 23771844|doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151|first2 = R|last3 = Narkiewicz|first3 = K|last4 = Redon|first4 = J|last5 = Zanchetti|first5 = A|last6 = Bohm|first6 = M|last7 = Christiaens|first7 = T|last8 = Cifkova|first8 = R|last9 = De Backer|first9 = G|last10 = Dominiczak|first10 = A|last11 = Galderisi|first11 = M|last12 = Grobbee|first12 = DE|last13 = Jaarsma|first13 = T|last14 = Kirchhof|first14 = P|last15 = Kjeldsen|first15 = SE|last16 = Laurent|first16 = S|last17 = Manolis|first17 = AJ|last18 = Nilsson|first18 = PM|last19 = Ruilope|first19 = LM|last20 = Schmieder|first20 = RE|last21 = Sirnes|first21 = PA|last22 = Sleight|first22 = P|last23 = Viigimaa|first23 = M|last24 = Waeber|first24 = B|last25 = Zannad|first25 = F|last26 = Redon|first26 = J|last27 = Dominiczak|first27 = A|last28 = Narkiewicz|first28 = K|last29 = Nilsson|first29 = PM|last30 = Burnier|first30 = M|last2 = Fagard|display-authors = 29}}

File:Hypertension-graphic-with-numbers.gif

{{clear}}

For most adults, when they are resting, a normal maximum (or systolic) blood pressure is between 100 and 130 mmHg, and the minimum (or diastolic) pressure is between 60 and 80 mmHg.{{cite journal|url=https://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/early/2017/11/10/HYP.0000000000000065.full.pdf|author= Paul Whelton|display-authors=etal|title=2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults|journal=Hypertension|volume= 71|issue= 6|date=13 November 2017|pages=e13–e115|doi=10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065|pmid=29133356}}

File:Hypertension-graphic-normal-ranges.gif

{{clear}}

A high blood pressure is present when the resting blood pressure is persistently at, or above, 130 over 80, or 140 over 90 mmHg. It is important to realize, children have much different numbers that depend on their age, and size.{{Cite journal |last1 = James|first1 = PA.|last2 = Oparil|first2 = S.|last3 = Carter|first3 = BL.|last4 = Cushman|first4 = WC.|last5 = Dennison-Himmelfarb|first5 = C.|last6 = Handler|first6 = J.|last7 = Lackland|first7 = DT.|last8 = Lefevre|first8 = ML.|last9 = Mackenzie|first9 = TD.|last10 = Ogedegbe|first10 = Olugbenga|last11 = Smith|first11 = Sidney C.|last12 = Svetkey|first12 = Laura P.|last13 = Taler|first13 = Sandra J.|last14 = Townsend|first14 = Raymond R.|last15 = Wright|first15 = Jackson T.|last16 = Narva|first16 = Andrew S.|last17 = Ortiz|first17 = Eduardo|title = 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)|journal = JAMA|volume = 311|issue = 5|pages = 507–20|date = Dec 2013|doi = 10.1001/jama.2013.284427|pmid = 24352797|display-authors = 8}}

File:Hypertension ranges chart.png

{{clear}}

Measuring the blood pressure outside of an office, over a 24 hour period, appears to be more accurate than office-based blood pressure measurement.

File:Blood pressure testing.jpg

{{clear}}

Hypertension occurs in approximately 8 to 10% of pregnancies. This is called gestational hypertension. Two blood pressure measurements, six hours apart, of greater than 140 over 90 mmHg, are diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy, and should be immediately addressed.{{cite book|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|year=2011|pages=55–61|edition=18th}}

File:Pregnant woman.jpg

{{clear}}

Research is clear that the treatment of moderately high blood pressure (defined as more than 160 over 100 mmHg), is associated with an improved life expectancy.{{cite journal|last1=Musini|first1=VM|last2=Tejani|first2=AM|last3=Bassett|first3=K|last4=Wright|first4=JM|title=Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=7 October 2009|issue=4|page=CD000028|pmid=19821263|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub2}}

File:Life Expectancy At Birth By Region.png

{{clear}}

The research is less clear on the effect of treatment of blood pressure between the ranges of 130 and 160 mmHg systolic, and 80 to 100 mmHg diastolic. Some reviews find benefit,{{cite journal|last1=Sundström|first1=Johan|last2=Arima|first2=Hisatomi|last3=Jackson|first3=Rod|last4=Turnbull|first4=Fiona|last5=Rahimi|first5=Kazem|last6=Chalmers|first6=John|last7=Woodward|first7=Mark|last8=Neal|first8=Bruce|title=Effects of Blood Pressure Reduction in Mild Hypertension|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=February 2015|pmid=25531552|doi=10.7326/M14-0773|volume=162|issue=3|pages=184–91}}{{cite journal|last1=Xie|first1=X|last2=Atkins|first2=E|last3=Lv|first3=J|last4=Bennett|first4=A|last5=Neal|first5=B|last6=Ninomiya|first6=T|last7=Woodward|first7=M|last8=MacMahon|first8=S|last9=Turnbull|first9=F|last10=Hillis|first10=GS|last11=Chalmers|first11=J|last12=Mant|first12=J|last13=Salam|first13=A|last14=Rahimi|first14=K|last15=Perkovic|first15=V|last16=Rodgers|first16=A|title=Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Lancet|date=30 January 2016|pmid=26559744|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00805-3|volume=387 |issue=10017|pages=435–43|url=http://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/1765}} and others do not.{{cite journal|last1=Diao|first1=D|last2=Wright|first2=JM|last3=Cundiff|first3=DK|last4=Gueyffier|first4=F|title=Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=Aug 15, 2012|volume=8|issue=8|pages=CD006742|pmid=22895954|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006742.pub2}}{{cite journal|last1=Garrison|first1=SR|last2=Kolber|first2=MR|last3=Korownyk|first3=CS|last4=McCracken|first4=RK|last5=Heran|first5=BS|last6=Allan|first6=GM|title=Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=8 August 2017|volume=8|pages=CD011575|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011575.pub2|pmid=28787537}}{{cite journal|last1=Musini|first1=VM|last2=Gueyffier|first2=F|last3=Puil|first3=L|last4=Salzwedel|first4=DM|last5=Wright|first5=JM|title=Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=16 August 2017|volume=8|pages=CD008276|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008276.pub2|pmid=28813123}}

File:Researcher looking through microscope.jpg

{{clear}}

Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure, and decrease the risk of health complications.{{cite web|title=How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/treatment|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=September 10, 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406073903/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/treatment|archivedate=6 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}

File:Healthy meal.jpg

{{clear}}

Lifestyle changes include weight loss, physical exercise, decreased salt intake, reducing alcohol intake, and a healthy diet.

File:Walking for Health in Epsom-5Aug2009 (2).jpg

{{clear}}

If lifestyle changes are not sufficient, then blood pressure medications are used. Up to three different medications can control hypertension, in 90% of people.{{cite journal|last1=Poulter|first1=NR|last2=Prabhakaran|first2=D|last3=Caulfield|first3=M|title=Hypertension.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=801–12|pmid=25832858|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9}}

File:Two boxes and a blister pack of Co-Diovan (Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide), Singapore - 20150210.jpg

{{clear}}

{{reflist}}