Wildland fire engine
{{Globalize|date=February 2025|2=US|Article}}{{Short description|Fire engine designed for fighting wildfires}}
{{redirect|Brush Breaker|the original maker|Marmon-Herrington}}
File:USFS BDF E51 El Dorado Fire 2020.jpg wildland fire engine during the 2020 El Dorado Fire in California]]
A wildland fire engine or brush truck is a fire engine specifically designed to assist in fighting wildfires by transporting firefighters to the scene and providing them with access to the fire, along with water or other equipment. There are multiple types of wildfire apparatus which are used in different scenarios. According to the U.S. National Fire Protection Association, if the apparatus will be used primarily for outdoor and wildland responses, then it is to be considered a wildland fire apparatus and must conform to NFPA 1906.{{cite web|last=David|first=Haston|title=NFPA 1906 and Wildland Apparatus Design|url=http://www.fdsoa.org/2011_apparatus_symposium/NFPA%201906%20Update%20Urban-Rural-New%20Wildland.pdf|publisher=US Forest Service|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-date=3 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803231801/http://www.fdsoa.org/2011_apparatus_symposium/NFPA%201906%20Update%20Urban-Rural-New%20Wildland.pdf/|url-status=dead}}
Depending on where the engine is stationed, it may carry as much as twice the national standard in fire hose. In areas where there is rugged terrain that keeps engines from driving directly to the fire, large hose lays are installed to transport water to the fire area. In areas with moderate terrain less hose is used as it is easier to access the fire.{{cite book|title=Engine Boss, S-231|year=2004|publisher=NWCG}} Often the hose-free technique of pump-and-roll is used where the vehicle drives with the pump engaged while a firefighter uses a hose to spray water on the fire. This technique allows a team of two to flank the perimeter of a fire.{{cite book|title=Fire Fighter Training, S-130|year=2003|publisher=NWCG}}
Features
Wildland engines are traditionally smaller than standard fire engines and are primarily used for wildfires. They also respond to emergencies in the back country where traditional engines cannot respond. Most wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability and can thus climb hills and make it through rough terrain. One of the features that makes these engines ideal for vegetation fires is that they can pump water while driving, whereas most, but not all traditional engines must be put into park to flow water, it depends on the specifications to which the Fire Department wants the vehicle to be built. This pump-and-roll feature allows the engines to make "running attacks" on vegetation fires, a tactic that can help minimize the rate of spread by having a firefighter walk the edge of a fire with a hose line and the engine trailing close behind.{{cite web|title=Type 3 Engine|url=http://sbcfire.ndic.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Type-3-Engine.pdf|publisher=Santa Barbara County Fire|access-date=30 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231230053/http://sbcfire.ndic.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Type-3-Engine.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2013}}
Engine types
In the fall of 2007, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group agreed on a set of standards for fire engines used for wildland firefighting in the United States. As structure engines are sometimes used on wildland fires, though primarily for structure protection, they are also included in the NWCG engine typing.{{cite web|title=Engine Types|url=http://www.nwcg.gov/general/memos/nwcg-006-2008.pdf|publisher=National Wildfire Coordinating Group|access-date=5 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501050059/http://www.nwcg.gov/general/memos/nwcg-006-2008.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2015}}
Per the standards there are 7 types of fire engines.
| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center;" |
| Rowspan="2"|
!colspan="7"| Engine Type |
|---|
| colspan="2"|Structure
!colspan="5"|Wildland |
| Requirements
!1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 |
| Minimum tank capacity
|{{convert|300|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on}} |{{convert|300|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on}} |{{convert|500|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on}} |{{convert|750|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on}} |{{convert|400|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on}} |{{convert|150|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on}} |{{convert|50|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on}} |
| Minimum flow rate USGPM (L/S IMPGPM) |{{convert|1000|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=values}} |{{convert|500|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=values}} |{{convert|150|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=values}} |{{convert|50|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=values}} |{{convert|50|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=values}} |{{convert|50|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=values}} |{{convert|10|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=values}} |
| Minimum pressure
|{{convert|150|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} |{{convert|150|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} |{{convert|250|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} |{{convert|100|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} |{{convert|100|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} |{{convert|100|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} |{{convert|100|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} |
| Hose types
! ! ! ! ! ! ! |
| 2-{{1/2}}"
|{{convert|1200|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} |
| 1-{{1/2}}"
|{{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{n/a}} |
| 1"
|{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} |{{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} |{{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}} |
| Pump and Roll
|{{sometimes}} |{{sometimes}} |{{ya}} |{{ya}} |{{ya}} |{{ya}} |{{ya}} |
=Type 3=
File:Engine13ANF.jpg Engine ANF 13]]
The Type 3 Engines traditionally have four-wheel drive to make driving over rough terrain easier; they can also be produced with standard rear wheel drive.{{cite web|title=Wildland Type III|url=http://www.ferrarafire.com/Apparatus/Wildland/TypeIII/TypeIII.html|publisher=Ferrara Fire|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926042545/http://www.ferrarafire.com/Apparatus/Wildland/TypeIII/TypeIII.html|url-status=dead}} Additionally the cab can either be two- or four-door holding up to five people, but no fewer than three.{{cite web|title=Engines|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/fire/index.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=15 January 2014}} Almost all Type 3s have four doors as a crew size of five is optimum. Type 3s are required to have a minimum of {{convert|500|USgal|L impgal}} of water, and be able to pump {{convert|150|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=none}} at a pressure of {{convert|250|psi|kPa}}. They have a typical GVWR of {{convert|26000|lbs|kg}}.{{cite web|title=USDA Forest Service Wildland Fire Engine Guide|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/pdf/00511203.pdf|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=15 January 2014|page=4}} The Type 3 is the most popular engine in California due to the difficult road access to wildland fires; Type 3 engines typically have a shorter wheelbase allowing tighter turns on forest roads.
=Type 4=
The Type 4 engine trades a smaller pump and less hose for a 50% larger tank. It is required to carry a minimum of {{convert|750|USgal|L impgal}} of water, but only pump {{convert|50|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=none}} at a pressure of {{convert|100|psi|kPa}}. The typical GVWR is at least {{convert|26000|lbs|kg}}.
=Type 5=
Type 5s are normally used as an initial attack engine atop a medium duty chassis. The GVWR of the chassis is around {{convert|20000|lbs|kg}}.
=Type 6=
File:Kern-County-Fire-Type6-Patrol.jpg]]
Type 6 Engines are built on a pickup truck frame with a medium duty chassis giving a GVWR of {{convert|9,000|-|16,000|lbs|kg}}. They are required to carry a minimum of {{convert|150|USgal|L impgal}} of water, but only pump {{convert|50|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=none}} at a pressure of {{convert|100|psi|kPa}}. In California these engines are staffed with one firefighter and used for patrols; for this reason the unit itself is sometimes called a patrol truck or simply "patrol".{{cite news|title=Kern County Firefighters at station 72 receives(sic) brand-new equipment|url=http://www.turnto23.com/news/local-news/kern-county-firefighters-at-station-72-recieves-brand-new-equipment|access-date=2 September 2017|agency=23 ABC News Bakersfield|date=Sep 1, 2017}} Most other dispatch areas require the Type 6 to have a minimum of 3 personnel (required by NWCG policies), and is more popular outside of California due to its ability to go where other engines cannot.
=Type 7 – Prevention Module=
Type 7 are patrol vehicles with a small pump and tank. As a light duty vehicle, they are in the range of {{convert|6,500|-|10,000|lbs|kg}} GVWR. The vehicle has a small {{convert|50|USgal|L impgal}} water tank and can pump {{convert|10|USgal/min|L/s impgal/min|abbr=none}} at a pressure of {{convert|100|psi|kPa}}.
It is a multipurpose unit used for patrol, mop up, or initial attack.
NFPA 1906
Additionally, there are requirements laid out by the National Fire Protection Association in NFPA 1906: Standard for Wildland Fire Apparatus.{{Citation
| title = NFPA 1906: Standard for Wildland Fire Apparatus
| edition = 2012
| publisher= National Fire Protection Association
| url = http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/document-information-pages?mode=code&code=1906&DocNum=1906
}} Some of the many details of the NFPA 1906 include:
- Stability: All vehicles must pass a 30° stability test.
- Roadability: Vehicles must be capable of operating on 20% grades and remaining stationary on 10% grades.
- Carrying Capacity: The Standard lays out a detailed analysis of what the allowable additional weight is on top of the gross vehicle weight rating. This is critical to keep the vehicles from getting overweight.
- Pump-And-Roll: Vehicles must be able to deliver 20 gpm at 80 psi while moving at a speed of 2 mph
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [https://www.capecodfd.com/PAGES%20Special/Breakers_01.htm Marmon-Herrington-based "Brush Breaker"]
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