William Harkness

{{Infobox military person

| name = William Harkness

| nickname =

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1837|12|17}}

| death_date = {{death date and age|1903|2|28|1837|12|17}}

| birth_place = Ecclefechan, Scotland

| death_place = Jersey City, New Jersey

| image = PSM V63 D090 William Harkness.png

| image_size =

| caption =

| allegiance = United States of America

| branch = Union Army
Union Navy
United States Navy

| serviceyears = 1862–1899

| rank = Rear Admiral

| commands =

| battles = American Civil War

| awards =

| signature = Signature of William Harkness (1837–1903).png

}}

William Harkness (December 17, 1837 – February 28, 1903) was an astronomer. He was born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, a son of James (1803–78) and Jane (née Wield){{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Publishing |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |accessdate=August 22, 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58583.html}} Harkness. His father was a pastor and moved the family to the United States. Harkness served in the military, traveled extensively, and headed research missions developing techniques and equipment for astronomical study.

Harkness died at his home in Jersey City on February 28, 1903, at the age of 65.{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Skinner, A. N. | title = William Harkness | pages = 601–602 | date = 1903 | volume = 17 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HY8CAAAAYAAJ&q=william+harkness&pg=PA601 | doi = 10.1126/science.17.433.601 | pmid = 17789987 | issue = 433|bibcode = 1903Sci....17..601S }}{{cite news |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/144443934 |title=Was Well Known Here.: Admiral Harkness Long a Resident of Washington—His Scientific Work. |date=March 2, 1903 |page=2 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 8, 2024|id={{ProQuest|144443934}} }}

Biography

Raised in Fishkill Landing, New York, Harkness was educated at Lafayette College (September 1854 – January 1856),{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP0aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA175 |title=The Men of Lafayette, 1828–1893: Lafayette College, Its History, Its Men, Their Record |first1=William B. |last1=Owen |first2=Alden |last2=March |first3=Selden J. |last3=Coffin |date=1891 |page=175 |publisher=George W. West |location=Easton, Pennsylvania |access-date=January 8, 2024}} graduated from the University of Rochester (1858) where he was a brother of Delta Kappa Epsilon, and then studied medicine in New York City. In 1862, Harkness graduated from the New York Homeopathic Medical College.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1546 |chapter=William Harkness |title=Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers |date=1903 |volume=XXIV |pages=1546–1547 |publisher=Press of J. J. Little & Co. |location=Astor Place, New York |access-date=January 8, 2024}} In August 1862, he served as volunteer surgeon for the Union Army at the Second Battle of Bull Run.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA33 |chapter=William Harkness |title=General Catalogue of the University of Rochester, 1850–1900 |date=1900 |pages=33–34 |publisher=E. R. Andrews, Printer and Bookbinder |location=Rochester, New York |access-date=January 8, 2024}} From 1862 to 1865, Harkness was an "aid in astronomy"{{cite journal | author = Bigelow, Frank H. | title = William Harkness | journal = Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington | date = 1906 | volume = 14 | pages =292–296 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GI8YAAAAYAAJ&q=William+Harkness&pg=PA292}} at the United States Naval Observatory. In August 1863, Harkness was commissioned as a professor of mathematics in the United States Navy with the relative rank of lieutenant commander.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52RJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA96 |title=Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States and of the Marine Corps, to January 1, 1900 |date=1900 |pages=96–97 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 8, 2024}} In July 1864, he served as a military surgeon during the Battle of Fort Stevens. In 1865, Harkness was conferred an A.M. degree ad eundem by Lafayette College. After service on the monitor {{USS|Monadnock|1863|6}} from 1865 to 1866, he was employed in the United States Hydrographic Office.

File:William Harkness.jpg

During the eclipse of August 1869, Harkness discovered the coronal line K 1474. Three years later he was made a member of the Transit of Venus Commission,{{cite journal | author = Dick, S. J. | author2 = Orchinson, W. | author3 = Love, T. | title = Simon Newcomb, William Harkness and the Nineteenth-century American Transit of Venus Expeditions | date = 1998 | journal = JRNL for Hist of Astronomy | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 221–255 | doi = 10.1177/002182869802900302 | bibcode = 1998JHA....29..221D| s2cid = 117722877 }} and had charge of the party at Hobart, Tasmania in 1879 and at Washington in 1882, when he became the executive officer. In 1874, Harkness was conferred an honorary LL.D. degree by the University of Rochester. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1898.{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+Harkness&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}} His most memorable accomplishments are related to the construction of telescopes, his theory of the focal curve of achromatic telescopes, and his invention of the spherometer caliper and other astronomical instruments. He was astronomical director of the Naval Observatory (1894–99) and director of the Nautical Almanac (1897–99). Harkness retired from the navy two days after attaining the relative rank of rear admiral (December 1899), having reached the mandatory retirement age of sixty-two. He was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1891) and president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1893). Of his works, The Solar Parallax and its Related Constants (1891) is the most important.

Legacy

Two U.S. Navy vessels have been named {{USS|Harkness||2}} in his honor.

Harkness Hall at the University of Rochester is named in his honor.{{Cite web |title=Harkness Hall |url=https://www.rochester.edu/college/ecm/locations/harkness.html |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.rochester.edu |language=en-US}}