William Steele Sessions (May 27, 1930{{spnd}}June 12, 2020) was an American attorney and jurist who served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas and the fourth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Sessions served as FBI director from 1987 to 1993, when he was dismissed by President Bill Clinton. After leaving the public sector, Sessions represented Semion Mogilevich, international leader of the Russian mafia. He is the father of Texas Congressman Pete Sessions.

Early life and education

Sessions was born in Fort Smith, Arkansas, the son of Edith A. (née Steele) and the Reverend Will Anderson Sessions Jr.[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/reps/sessions.htm "Sessions"], freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. He graduated from Northeast High School in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1948, and enlisted in the United States Air Force, receiving his commission October 1952. He served on active duty until October 1955. He attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1956. He received a Bachelor of Laws in 1958 from Baylor Law School.{{FJC Bio|2146|nid=1387606|name=William Steele Sessions (1930–) }} At Baylor, Sessions became a member of the Delta Chi fraternity.{{cite web|title=Alumni|url=https://www.longbeachdeltachi.com/alumni|access-date=June 12, 2020|work=Delta Chi at CSU Long Beach|publisher=Delta Chi}} He was an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.{{cite web|title=Distinguished Eagle Scout Award|url=http://www.pikespeakbsa.org/Scouting/Awards/Service/Distinguished-Eagle-Award|access-date=June 12, 2020|work=Pikes Peak Council|publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}{{cite magazine|last1=Halter|first1=Jon C.|date=September 1999|title=Love Jones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BP0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48|magazine=Scouting|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc.|volume=87|issue=4|page=48|issn=0036-9500}}

Career

= Law practice =

Sessions was an attorney for the firm of Haley, Fulbright, Winniford, Sessions, and Bice in Waco, Texas, from 1963 until 1969. He was then appointed Chief of the Government Operations Section, Criminal Division of the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C., where he served until his appointment as United States Attorney for the Western District of Texas in 1971.

=Federal judicial service=

Sessions was nominated by President Gerald Ford on December 11, 1974, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas vacated by Judge Ernest Allen Guinn. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 19, 1974, and received his commission on December 20, 1974. He served as Chief Judge from 1980 to 1987. He served as a board member of the Federal Judicial Center from 1980 to 1984. His service terminated on November 1, 1987, due to his resignation.

=FBI Director (1987–1993)=

After a two-month search, Sessions was nominated to succeed William H. Webster as FBI Director by President Ronald Reagan and was sworn in on November 2, 1987.

Sessions was viewed as combining tough direction with fairness and was respected even by the Reagan administration's critics, although he was sometimes ridiculed as straitlaced and dull and lacking hands-on leadership. He worked to raise the image of the FBI in Congress and fought to raise the pay of FBI agents, which had lagged behind other law enforcement agencies.

Reflecting the tensions between the Justice Department and the independent Bureau, Sessions announced that the FBI would be looking into whether Justice Department officials illegally misled a federal judge in a politically sensitive bank fraud case involving loans to Iraq before the Persian Gulf War, and 48 hours later Sessions was the subject of an ethics investigation on whether he had abused his office perks.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/19/us/fbi-chief-plans-to-fight-for-job.html|work=The New York Times|first=David|last=Johnston|title=F.B.I. Chief Plans to Fight for Job|date=January 19, 1993}}{{cite news |first=Terry|last=Atlas|title=FBI Director's Mistakes Slowly Come To Light |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/10/27/fbi-directors-mistakes-slowly-come-to-light/ |work=Chicago Tribune |date=October 27, 1992|access-date=May 9, 2017}}

Sessions enjoyed his strongest support among liberal Democrats in Congress. Sessions was applauded for pursuing a policy of broadening the FBI to include more women and minorities, efforts which upset the "old boys" at the Bureau.

Image:Winners Dont Use Drugs.svg" message from Golden Axe.]]

Sessions became associated with the phrase "Winners Don't Use Drugs", which appeared in the attract mode of North American–released arcade games from 1989 to 2000.{{cite news|title=Fed Games|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1993/09/12/fed-games/a3e65747-4b38-4fb5-a162-c1db2c306f51/|first1=Michael J.|last1=Volpe|first2=Mary Beth|last2=Franklin|date=September 12, 1993|access-date=June 12, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}} By law, it had to be included on all imported arcade games released in North America, and continued to appear long after Sessions left office. The quote normally appeared in gold against a blue background between the FBI seal and Sessions' name.{{cite news|title=How the F.B.I. Made 'Winners Don't Use Drugs' the Arcade Motto of the '90s|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/5193-how-the-f-b-i-made-winners-don-t-use-drugs-the-arcade-motto-of-the-90s|first=Sean|last=Hutchinson|date=August 19, 2015|access-date=June 12, 2020|publisher=Boy Scouts of America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604000906/https://www.inverse.com/article/5193-how-the-f-b-i-made-winners-don-t-use-drugs-the-arcade-motto-of-the-90s|archive-date=June 4, 2020}}

Sessions' major contributions to the US criminal justice community include the encouraging of the FBI laboratory to develop a DNA program with a strong legal underpinning and the automation of the national fingerprint process. The latter project, known as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), reduced the turnaround time from months to hours for fingerprint searches for both criminal arrest cycles and applicants for sensitive positions such as teachers.

Sessions's final years as FBI director were marked by two highly controversial incidents: the 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff, during which an unarmed woman, Vicki Weaver, was killed by an FBI sniper, Lon Horiuchi, while she was holding a 10-month-old baby;{{cite journal|author1=Hewitt, Bill |author2=Nelson, Margaret |author3=Haederle, Michael |author4=Slavin, Barbara |date=September 25, 1995|title=A Time to Heal|journal=People|volume=45|issue=13|url=http://people.com/archive/a-time-of-heal-vol-45-no-13/|access-date=February 13, 2017}}{{cite court|litigants=State of Idaho v. Lon T. Horiuchi [1]|court=9th Cir.|date=June 5, 2001|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/circs/9th/9830149p.pdf |access-date=|via=Findlaw.com}}{{Cite episode|title=Ruby Ridge|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/ruby-ridge/|last=Goodman|first=Barak|access-date=July 23, 2017|series=American Experience|season=29|number=6|series-link=American Experience|network=PBS|date=February 14, 2017|time=30:00}} and the 1993 Waco siege, which resulted in the deaths of 82 Branch Davidians, including 28 children.{{cite news |title=Former FBI director, wife call off San Antonio divorce |url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Former-FBI-director-wife-call-off-San-Antonio-14562868.php |date=October 25, 2019 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |first=Patrick |last=Danner |newspaper=San Antonio Express-News}} The Ruby Ridge standoff and the Waco siege were later cited as motivations for the Oklahoma City bombing, the deadliest act of terrorism in U.S. history before the September 11 attacks.{{cite news |last=Feldman |first=Paul |title=Militia Groups Growing, Study Says Extremism: Despite negative publicity since Oklahoma bombing, membership has risen, Anti-Defamation League finds |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/21526848.html?dids=21526848:21526848&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+18%2C+1995&author=PAUL+FELDMAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Militia+Groups+Growing%2C+Study+Says+Extremism%3A+Despite+negative+publicity+since+Oklahoma+bombing%2C+membership+has+risen%2C+Anti-Defamation+League+finds.&pqatl=google |url-access=subscription |date=June 18, 1995|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=April 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725072443/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/21526848.html?dids=21526848:21526848&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+18%2C+1995&author=PAUL+FELDMAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Militia+Groups+Growing%2C+Study+Says+Extremism%3A+Despite+negative+publicity+since+Oklahoma+bombing%2C+membership+has+risen%2C+Anti-Defamation+League+finds.&pqatl=google|archive-date=July 25, 2012|url-status=live}}{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=McVeigh offers little remorse in letters |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/061001/new_mcveigh.shtml |date=June 10, 2001 |work=The Topeka Capital-Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527165230/http://cjonline.com/stories/061001/new_mcveigh.shtml |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=June 1, 2009 }}

== Allegations of ethics violations and dismissal ==

Just before Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993, allegations of ethical improprieties were made against Sessions. A report by outgoing Attorney General William P. Barr presented to the Justice Department that month by the Office of Professional Responsibility included criticisms that he had used an FBI plane to travel to visit his daughter on several occasions, and had a security system installed in his home at government expense. Janet Reno, the 78th Attorney General of the United States, announced that Sessions had exhibited "serious deficiencies in judgment".{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/22/opinion/time-s-up-for-william-sessions.html | work=The New York Times | title=Time's Up for William Sessions |department=Opinion |date=January 22, 1993}}

Although Sessions denied that he had acted improperly, he was pressured to resign in early July, with some suggesting that Clinton was giving Sessions the chance to step down in a dignified manner. Sessions refused, saying that he had done nothing wrong, and insisted on staying in office until his successor was confirmed. As a result, Clinton dismissed Sessions on July 19, 1993. Sessions was five and a half years into a ten-year term as FBI director; however, the holder of this post serves at the pleasure of the President.{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-20-mn-15006-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times |first1=Ronald J. |last1=Ostrow |first2=Robert L. |last2=Jackson |title=Defiant FBI Chief Is Fired by President: Law enforcement: Alleged ethical abuses by Sessions are cited as reason for dismissal. He refused to resign |date=July 20, 1993}}

Clinton nominated Louis Freeh to the FBI directorship on July 20, 1993. Then–FBI Deputy Director Floyd I. Clarke, who Sessions suggested had led a coup to force his removal, served as Acting Director until September 1, 1993, when Freeh was sworn in.{{cite web|first=David|last=Johnston|date=July 20, 1993|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/20/us/defiant-fbi-chief-removed-from-job-by-the-president.html|title=Defiant FBI chief removed from job by the President|website=The New York Times}}

Sessions returned to Texas where on December 7, 1999, he was named the state chair of Texas Exile, a statewide initiative aimed at reducing gun crime.{{cite news |title=Campaign Finance: Some Assembly Required |url=https://www.texastribune.org/1999/12/13/campaign-finance-some-assembly-required/ |date=December 13, 1999 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |first=Ross |last=Ramsey |newspaper=The Texas Tribune}}

=Later career=

William Sessions was the American attorney of Semion Mogilevich, the "boss of bosses" of the Russian mafia, and a member of the FBI Most Wanted Fugitives list, with close ties to Vladimir Putin.{{sfn|Unger|2018|p=218}}{{cite news |last=Heffernan |first=Virginia |author-link=Virginia Heffernan |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-heffernan-simpson-russia-testimony-20180114-story.html |title=Column: A close reading of Glenn Simpson's Trump-Russia testimony |work=Los Angeles Times |date=January 14, 2018 |access-date=January 25, 2021}}{{Cite news|last1=Simpson|first1=Glenn R.|last2=Jacoby|first2=Mary|date=April 17, 2007|title=How Lobbyists Help Ex-Soviets Woo Washington|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117674837248471543|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0099-9660|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170709042737/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117674837248471543|archivedate=July 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}

Sessions was a member of the American Bar Association and had served as an officer or on the Board of Directors of the Federal Bar Association of San Antonio, the American Judicature Society, the San Antonio Bar Association, the Waco-McLennan County Bar Association, and the District Judges' Association of the Fifth Circuit. He was appointed by Reagan as a Commissioner of the Martin Luther King Jr., Federal Holiday Commission, and was a Delegate for the Americas to the Executive Committee of ICPO-Interpol. He was also a member of the Constitution Project's bipartisan Liberty and Security Committee.{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionproject.org/libertyandsecurity/members.cfm?categoryId=3 |title=Constitution Project: Liberty and Security Initiative |publisher=Constitutionproject.org |access-date=September 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626065937/http://www.constitutionproject.org/libertyandsecurity/members.cfm?categoryId=3 |archive-date = June 26, 2008}}

Sessions was present on the American Bar Association task force examining the constitutionality of controversial presidential signing statements. It concluded in July 2006 that the practice "does grave harm to the separation of powers doctrine, and the system of checks and balances that have sustained our democracy for more than two centuries".{{cite news|title=Bar Association: Bush Oversteps Power|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bar-association-bush-oversteps-power/|date=July 24, 2006|access-date=June 12, 2020|agency=Associated Press|website=CBS News}} In 2008, he argued that the execution of Troy Anthony Davis should not proceed because of serious doubts as Davis' guilt.{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12689946 |title=A trebly dubious death sentence | Reasonable doubt |website=The Economist |date=April 24, 2008 |access-date=January 22, 2009}} Sessions agreed to serve on The Constitution Project's Guantanamo Task Force in December 2010.

{{cite news|url=http://www.constitutionproject.org/|title=Task Force on Detainee Treatment Launched|publisher=The Constitution Project|date=December 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215120344/http://constitutionproject.org/|url-status=live|archive-date=December 15, 2010}}

{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/APc6cee95477334766afca698cfc3a3611.html|title=Think tank plans study of how US treats detainees|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=December 17, 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101219013031/http://online.wsj.com/article/APc6cee95477334766afca698cfc3a3611.html|archive-date=December 19, 2010|url-status=dead|quote=Former FBI Director William Sessions, former Arkansas U.S. Rep. Asa Hutchinson, a retired Army general and a retired appeals court judge in Washington are among 11 people selected for a task force that will meet for the first time in early January, said Virginia Sloan, a lawyer and president of The Constitution Project.}}{{cite news|url=http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/TF_Members_Dec%20132010.pdf|title=Task Force members|publisher=The Constitution Project|date=December 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192624/http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/TF_Members_Dec%20132010.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=July 25, 2011}}

He died less than two months after two former Acting FBI Directors, James B. Adams, and John E. Otto, and 6.5 months after another Acting FBI Director, William Ruckelshaus.

Personal life and death

Sessions married Alice Lewis, his high school classmate, in 1952. Together, they had four children: William L., Pete, Mark, and Sara. He filed for divorce on February 20, 2018, but this was dismissed without prejudice on October 11, 2019. Alice died on December 21, 2019 at their home in Washington, D.C.{{cite news|title=Bill Sessions: former prosecutor, judge and FBI director, dies at 90|url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Bill-Sessions-Former-prosecutor-judge-and-FBI-15336506.php|date=June 12, 2020|access-date=June 12, 2020|first=John|last=MacCormack|newspaper=San Antonio Express-News}}

Sessions was unrelated to Jeff Sessions, U.S. Attorney General (2017-2018).{{cite web |url=http://www.sessions.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography |title=Biography of U.S. Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama |website=senate.gov |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=November 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126075602/http://www.sessions.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography |archive-date=November 26, 2016 |url-status=unfit}}

Sessions died on June 12, 2020, at his home in San Antonio from complications of heart failure. He was 90.{{cite news|title=William S. Sessions, FBI director who battled agency's old guard, dies at 90|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/william-s-sessions-fbi-director-who-battled-agencys-old-guard-dies-at-90/2020/06/12/2095aa5a-ad01-11ea-94d2-d7bc43b26bf9_story.html|first=Paul W.|last=Valentine|date=June 12, 2020|access-date=June 12, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/william-s-sessions-dead.html|title=William S. Sessions, F.B.I. Director at a Turbulent Time, Dies at 90|first=Robert D.|last=McFadden|newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 12, 2020|access-date=June 26, 2020}}

Citations

General and cited references

{{FJC Bio|2146|nid=1387606|name=William Steele Sessions}}
{{cite web

| title = Federal Bureau of Investigation: Directors, Then and Now

| url = https://www.fbi.gov/history/directors/william-s-sessions

| access-date = May 10, 2017 }}

{{cite book |last=Unger |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Unger |title=House of Trump, House of Putin: The Untold Story of Donald Trump and the Russian Mafia |publisher=Dutton |date=August 14, 2018 |isbn=978-1524743505}}