William Wilson (Commodore)

{{Short description|Commoder of the British East India Company}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}

William Wilson (1715–1795) was a seaman who became Commodore of the British East India Company. He is noted for his military successes and for opening up a new route in the East Indies that allowed navigation to China at any time of year.

Wilson joined the East India Company at the age of 14, and worked his way up the ranks until he received his first command, the Great Britain, a "private man of war" of 30 guns, in 1744. Britain was at war with France and Spain in the War of the Austrian Succession, and Wilson fought several successful actions against French and Spanish ships.{{cite book | last1=Young | first1=George | title=A history of Whitby, and Streoneshalh Abbey, Volume 2 | year=1817 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitbys02youn/page/n5/mode/2up | access-date=2025-03-02 | pages=848–849}} His next command was the Suffolk East-Indiaman. In 1752, sailing from London to Madras, he had the 16-year-old Alexander Dalrymple as a passenger, travelling to his first assignment with the company. He got on well with the young man, and they became lasting friends.{{cite journal |title=Memoirs of Alexander Dalrymple Esq. |journal=European Magazine|date=1802 |volume=42 |pages= 323–364|url=https://archive.org/details/1802-memoirs-of-alexander-dalrymple-esq}}{{rp|325}} In 1757, during the Seven Years' War, Wilson in Suffolk was escorting two merchant ships from China to England. He encountered two French ships of the line off the coast of South Africa, and was able to beat them off. As a result of this he was promoted to "commodore and commander of all ships in the Company's service", and given command of the Pitt, a heavily armed man of war.{{cite journal |journal=The Scots Magazine |date=1758 |volume=20 |pages=53 | title = Taken from other papers &c. | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_edinburgh-magazine-and-literary-miscellany_the-scots-magazine_1758-01_20/page/53 |access-date=2 March 2025}}

File:Medal commemoratiing Captain Wilson's Voyage to China 1760.jpg

In September 1758 Wilson arrived back in Madras with Pitt. He was intending to continue to Canton, in China, but had been delayed, and it was too late in the season to sail by the standard route through the South China Sea as the contrary north-east Monsoon would start in October. The normal procedure would have been to wait several months for the return of the south-west monsoon, but Wilson was thinking of a different route, heading south-east to Batavia, now Djakarta, then east and north-east to the north-west coast of New Guinea, then north-west to Canton, with the monsoon winds on his beam. This route was longer, and parts of it were not well known to British sailors, but the winds were favourable. Wilson discussed this with Dalrymple, who was able to confirm its practicality on the basis of his knowledge of voyages in the previous century. Wilson took this route, and successfully completed his voyage six months earlier than expected. This was important for the company, as the route became a standard alternative that opened up China navigation at any time of year. In recognition of this service, the Company rewarded him with a gold medal.{{rp|326–327}}{{cite journal |last1=Crowhurst |first1=R.P. |title=The voyage of the Pitt – a turning point in East India navigation |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=1969 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1080/00253359.1969.10657859}}{{cite book | last=Fry | first=H.T. | title=Alexander Dalrymple and the Expansion of British Trade | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-60694-6 |chapter=The Cruise of the Cuddalore|pages=16–35}}

Wilson resigned his commission in 1762, and retired to the village of Great Ayton in Yorkshire. He had married, in 1755, Rachel Jackson, who was from Richmond in Yorkshire, and this may have been the reason for the choice of home. They had nine children, of whom five survived. Ayton was the boyhood home of James Cook. Cook maintained his ties with the area, and met Wilson who soon became a firm friend. Dalrymple also visited Wilson in Ayton. Wilson had a long retirement, and was active in the community, serving as a magistrate. He died on June 5, 1795, and was buried at Ayton Church, where his son erected a monument in his memory.{{cite web |last1=Thornton |first1=Cliff |title=Commodore William Wilson of Great Ayton (1715-1795) |url=http://greatayton.wdfiles.com/local--files/family-histories/William-Wilson.pdf |website=Great Ayton History of the Village |access-date=3 March 2025}}{{cite book | last1=Young | first1=George | title=The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook, Drawn Up from His Journals, and Other Authentic Documents ... Illustrated with ... Engravings | year=1836 | url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_18711 | access-date=2025-03-03 | pages=304–305| isbn=978-0-665-18711-7 }}{{cite book | last=Beaglehole | first=J.C. | title=The Life of Captain James Cook | publisher=Hakluyt Society | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-7136-1382-7 | page=284}}