Willis Augustus Lee

{{Infobox military person

| name = Willis Augustus Lee Jr.

| image = Willis A. Lee;h95009.jpg

| caption = Rear Admiral Willis A. Lee Jr., circa 1942.

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|5|11}}

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|8|25|1888|5|11}}

| birth_place = Natlee, Kentucky, U.S.

| death_place = {{USS|Wyoming|BB-32}}, off the coast of Maine

| placeofburial_label = Place of burial

| placeofburial = Arlington National Cemetery

| placeofburial_coordinates =

| nickname = Ching

| allegiance = United States of America

| branch = {{flag|United States Navy}}

| serviceyears = 1908–1945

| rank = 35px Vice Admiral

| unit =

| commands = {{USS|Fairfax|DD-93|6}}
{{USS|William B. Preston|DD-344|6}}
{{USS|Lardner|DD-286|6}}
{{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|6}}
{{USS|Concord|CL-10|6}}
{{USS|Washington|BB-56|6}}
Battleship Division 6
Battleships Pacific Fleet

| battles = {{Tree list}}

| awards = Navy Cross
Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Legion of Merit

| relations =

| laterwork =

}}

Willis Augustus "Ching" Lee Jr. (May 11, 1888 – August 25, 1945) was a vice admiral of the United States Navy during World War II. Lee commanded the American ships during the second night of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal (November 14–15, 1942) and turned back a Japanese invasion force headed for the island. The victory ended Japanese attempts to reinforce their troops on Guadalcanal, and thus marked a turning point in both the Guadalcanal Campaign and the Pacific War.

Lee was also a skilled sport shooter, and won seven medals in the 1920 Olympics shooting events, including five gold medals, tied with teammate Lloyd Spooner for the most anyone had ever received at a single Olympic Games. Their record stood for 60 years. He was the most successful athlete at the 1920 Olympics.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/44708 |title=Willis Augustus Lee |work=Olympedia |access-date=August 31, 2021}}

Early life

The son of Judge Willis Augustus Lee and Susan Arnold, he was known as "Mose" Lee to family and friends.Miriam Sidebottom Houchens. History of Owen County. Kentucky: Owen County Historical Society, 1976. p. 305James C. Bryant. Mountain Island In Owen County. Kentucky: The Settlers And Their Churches. Owen County Historical Society, 1986, p. 45

He entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1904. While at the Naval Academy, his Chinese-sounding last name, compounded by his fondness for the Far East, earned him the moniker "Ching" Lee.Hornfischer p. 347 Among his classmates were several future admirals including: Harry A. Badt, Paul H. Bastedo, John R. Beardall, Abel T. Bidwell, Joseph J. Broshek, Arthur S. Carpender, Jules James, Walter K. Kilpatrick, James L. Kauffman, Thomas C. Kinkaid, William R. Munroe, William R. Purnell, Francis W. Rockwell, John F. Shafroth Jr., and Richmond K. Turner.{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/luckybag1908unse |title=Lucky Bag |date=1908 |publisher=First Class, United States Naval Academy |others=Nimitz Library U. S. Naval Academy}}

Following graduation, Lee joined the academy's rifle team three times. First, during his final summer training stint on the {{USS|Nevada|BM-8|6}} he was called back to Annapolis to participate on the rifle team.{{Cite book |last=Stillwell |first=Paul |title=Battleship commander: the life of vice Admiral Willis A. Lee Jr |date=2021 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-68247-594-2 |location=Annapolis, Maryland}} He was assigned to the battleship {{USS|Idaho|BB-24|2}} from October 1908 to May 1909, before returning to the naval academy and rejoining the rifle team. From November 1909 until May 1910, Lee served aboard the protected cruiser {{USS|New Orleans|CL-22|2}}, and then transferred to the gunboat {{USS|Helena|PG-9|2}}. Upon being detached back to the United States, Lee re-joined the academy shooting team a third time. In July 1913, Lee re-joined Idaho, and in April 1914 he transferred to the battleship {{USS|New Hampshire|BB-25|2}} to participate in the occupation of Veracruz.{{cite web

|url= http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/dl-dlg/dl4.htm

|title=Willis A. Lee

|work=hazegray.org

|access-date=September 1, 2010

}}

During World War I, Lee served on the destroyers {{USS|O'Brien|DD-51|2}} and {{USS|Lea|DD-118|2}}.

1920 Olympics

{{MedalCountry | the {{USA}} }}

{{MedalBronze|1920 Antwerp|Team 100 m running
deer, single shots}}

Lee participated in 14 events at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. He won 7 medals (5 gold, 1 silver, and 1 bronze), all in team events.{{cite DANFS | title = Willis A. Lee | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w9/willis_a_lee.htm | access-date = September 1, 2010}} His teammates for the various events were Dennis Fenton, Lawrence Nuesslein, Arthur Rothrock, Oliver Schriver, Morris Fisher, Carl Osburn, Lloyd Spooner, and Joseph Jackson.

Lee and Spooner ended the 1920 Olympics with 7 medals each, the most anyone had ever received in a single year's games. Boris Shakhlin was the next person to reach 7, in 1960. It would not be until Alexander Dityatin in the 1980 games that anyone would beat the record.

Interwar years

Lee attended the Naval War College in the late 1920s, and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1936.

During the 1930s and early 1940s, Lee was several times assigned to the Fleet Training Division, commanded the light cruiser {{USS|Concord|CL-10|2}}, and served on the staff of Commander, Cruisers, Battle Force. In early 1942, following his promotion to the rank of rear admiral, Lee became Assistant Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of U.S. Fleet.{{Cite web |title=Lee, Willis A., Jr. |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-people/l/lee-willis-a-jr.html |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=public1.nhhcaws.local |language=en-US}}

World War II

Lee's specialty in life was gunnery. At the age of 19 in 1907 "he became the only American to win both the US National High Power Rifle and Pistol championships in the same year." In 1914 during the Veracruz campaign in Mexico he drew the fire of three enemy snipers, thereby exposing their positions and then shot them at long range. He understood the powerful guns of a battleship as an extension of the law of ballistics and adapted his expertise to the new age of technology.Hornfischer p. 348 When Admiral Lee engaged the Japanese Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō's battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Kirishima||2}} on the evening of November 14, 1942, in the waters off Guadalcanal, he became naval history's first battleship commander to conduct a "gunfight" primarily by radar remote control.Hornfischer p. 355

=Naval Battle of Guadalcanal=

File:Rear Admiral Willis A. Lee is presented with the Navy Cross.jpg presents Lee with the Navy Cross for his actions during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, circa January 1943]]

In August 1942, Rear Admiral Lee was sent to the Pacific to command Battleship Division Six, consisting of the battleships {{USS|Washington|BB-56|2}} and {{USS|South Dakota|BB-57|2}}.

Flying his flag in Washington, Lee engaged an Imperial Japanese Navy surface fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Kondō during the second night of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on the night of November 14–15, 1942. While riding in the battleship Washington, which served as his flagship during this sea fight, Lee's battleship decisively shelled the battleship Kirishima into a wreck, resulting in her scuttling shortly afterwards. With 300 Imperial sailors still entombed within her hull, she slid into Ironbottom Sound,Hornfischer pp. 361–366 leaving Admiral Lee's flagship Washington the only American battleship during World War II to sink an enemy battleship in a "one on one" gunfight.Hornfischer p. 366

Lee, who "knew more about radar than the radar operators,"{{cite book |last1=Spector |first1=Ronald H. |author-link1=Ronald H. Spector |title=Eagle Against The Sun |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-394-74101-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eagleagainstsuna0000spec/page/212 212] |publisher=Vintage Books |url=https://archive.org/details/eagleagainstsuna0000spec/page/212 }} (Quoted from Samuel Eliot Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 270) used the SG radar installed aboard Washington to skillfully maneuver his ships during the night.

{{Blockquote|To Willis Lee went many accolades. "Audacious planning and execution" marked his operations, commented Halsey... Unlike Callaghan, Lee never allowed the action to degenerate into a nautical brawl, because he formulated a workable plan and adhered to it, even after every ship in his task force except Washington was sunk or forced to retire. Lee was never more incisive than in his own evaluation of his success: "We realized then and it should not be forgotten now, that our entire superiority was due almost entirely to our possession of radar. Certainly we have no edge on the Japs in experience, skill, training, or performance of personnel."|Richard B. Frank{{cite book

| last = Frank

| first = Richard B.

| author-link = Richard B. Frank

| year = 1990

| title = Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle

| publisher = Random House

| location = New York

| isbn = 0-394-58875-4

| url = https://archive.org/details/guadalcanal00fran

| page=486

}}}}

=After Guadalcanal=

Lee was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions at the battle, promoted to vice admiral in 1944 and placed in charge of the Pacific Fleet's fast battleships, as Commander, Battleships, Pacific Fleet (ComBatPac).

In May 1945, he was sent to the Atlantic to command a special unit researching defenses against the threat of Japanese kamikaze aircraft, the Composite Task Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. While serving in that position on August 25, 1945, Vice Admiral Lee died suddenly after suffering a heart attack, ten days after the Surrender of Japan. He collapsed and died in a motor launch that was ferrying him out to his flagship, the gunnery training ship USS Wyoming (AG-17), in the harbor of Portland, Maine.Associated Press, "Admiral Lee Dies," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, August 26, 1945, Volume 51, p. 7. Lee was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgNsZWUSBndpbGxpcxoBYQ--/ Burial Detail: Lee, Willis A] – ANC Explorer

Family

Willis Lee Jr. was a distant relative of Confederate General Robert E. Lee and the third Attorney General of the United States, Charles Lee.{{cite web

|url= https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/willis-lee-1.html

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200417161632/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/willis-lee-1.html

|url-status= dead

|archive-date= April 17, 2020

|title=Willis Lee Biography

|work=sports-reference.com

|access-date=September 2, 2010

}} He married Mabelle Allen Elspeth (1894–1949) on July 14, 1919. They had no children.

Willis' father, Judge Willis Augustus Lee Sr., was one of fourteen children of Nathaniel Wiley Lee (aka Nat Lee, founder of [https://www.kyatlas.com/ky-natlee.html Natlee]) and Frances Abbott, of Owen County, Kentucky. While in the Pacific theater, Lee unofficially adopted two Korean children in Vietnam after the children's family requested that Lee take the children to the United States.{{Cite web|url=http://www.saratogian.com/news|title=News, Breaking News and More: The Saratogian|website=www.saratogian.com|access-date=May 11, 2016}}

His great-grandparents were early Kentucky settlers, Joseph R. Lee and Mary Wiley.Bryant, p. 454 His grandfather Nathaniel W. Lee operated a distillery at his namesake village of Natlee. In 1893, Nat Lee's sour mash whiskey was taken to the Chicago World's Fair where it won the Gold Medal over 5000 other entries.Bryant, p. 50.

Namesakes

The {{Sclass|Mitscher|destroyer}} {{USS|Willis A. Lee|DD-929}}, redesignated before commissioning as a destroyer leader (DL-4), was named for him.

Awards and decorations

Below is the ribbon bar of Vice Admiral Willis Augustus Lee:{{cite web | url = https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/21328 | access-date = June 19, 2018 | work = valor.militarytimes.com | title = Valor awards for Willis Augustus Lee | publisher = Militarytimes Websites}}

style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"

|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy Cross ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}} {{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy Distinguished Service ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}

{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}

|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Mexican Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}

|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}

{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}

|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}

|{{Ribbon devices|number=4|type=service-star|other_device=bss|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg|width=106}}

{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}

|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Order of the Cloud and Banner 2nd.gif|width=106}}

|{{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=Phliber rib.svg|width=106}}

class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
1st Row \|colspan="5"\|Navy Cross \|colspan="8"\|Navy Distinguished Service Medal with one 5/16 inch star
2nd Row \|colspan="3"\|Legion of Merit \|colspan="3"\|Mexican Service Medal \|colspan="3"\|World War I Victory Medal with "Destroyer" Clasp
3rd Row \|colspan="3"\|American Defense Service Medal \|colspan="3"\|American Campaign Medal \|colspan="3"\|Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with five 3/16 inch battle stars
4th Row \|colspan="3"\|World War II Victory Medal \|colspan="3"\|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Cloud and Banner (Nationalist China) \|colspan="3"\|Philippine Liberation Medal with two stars (Republic of the Philippines)

class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"

1st
Row

|colspan="5"|Navy Cross

|colspan="8"|Navy Distinguished Service Medal
with one 5/16 inch star

2nd
Row

|colspan="3"|Legion of Merit

|colspan="3"|Mexican Service Medal

|colspan="3"|World War I Victory Medal
with "Destroyer" Clasp

3rd
Row

|colspan="3"|American Defense Service Medal

|colspan="3"|American Campaign Medal

|colspan="3"|Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
with five 3/16 inch battle stars

4th
Row

|colspan="3"|World War II Victory Medal

|colspan="3"|Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Cloud and Banner
(Nationalist China)

|colspan="3"|Philippine Liberation Medal
with two stars
(Republic of the Philippines)

References

=Citations=

=Bibliography=

{{cite book |last= Hornfischer |first= James D. |year=2011 |title= Neptune's Inferno: The US Navy at Guadalcanal |location= New York City |publisher= Bantam Books |isbn= 978-0-553-80670-0 |url= https://archive.org/details/neptunesinferno00jame}}