Wind power in Ohio#American Municipal Power Inc Wind Farm

File:Brush-windmill.jpg, 1890]]

Wind power in Ohio has a long (albeit discontinuous) history.

Charles F. Brush designed one of the world's earliest electricity-generating windmills in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1887–1888.{{Cite journal

|date=1890-12-20

|title=Mr. Brush's Windmill Dynamo

|journal=Scientific American

|volume=63

|issue=25

|pages=54

}} His engineering company built the "windmill

dynamo" at his home. It operated from 1886 until 1900.{{Cite web

|url=http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm

|title=A Wind Energy Pioneer: Charles F. Brush

|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association

|access-date=2007-05-02

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070226081941/http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm |archive-date = 2007-02-26}}

The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 56 feet (17 m) in diameter and was mounted on a 60-foot (18 m) tower, making it similar in size to some of the first commercial wind farm turbines of the 1980s. However, the machine was only rated at 12 kW; it turned relatively slowly since it had 144 blades. Brush used the connected dynamo either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs, three arc lamps, and various motors in his laboratory. The machine fell into disuse after 1900 when electricity became available from Cleveland's central stations, and was abandoned in 1908.{{cite encyclopedia|year=2007|title=History of Wind Energy|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Energy|publisher=Elsevier|volume=6|pages=421–422|isbn=978-1-60119-433-6}}

From 1974 to 1981, NASA's Glenn Research Center (then the Lewis Research Center) in Brook Park, Ohio, led the U.S. Wind Energy Program for large horizontal-axis wind turbines, designing a series of 13 experimental large horizontal-axis wind turbines. In conjunction with the United States Department of Energy, NASA developed and tested megawatt-class wind turbines. The program's goal was to develop the technology, and then turn it over to private industry. While none of the program's wind turbine designs saw mass commercialization, the tests generated valuable data and pioneered modern design concepts such as tubular towers and computer control of blade pitch and rotor yaw.

Most of the MOD-series wind turbines went to sites outside of Ohio, but the first unit, the MOD-0 operated at NASA's Plum Brook facility near Sandusky from 1975 to 1988.{{Cite web

|url = http://www.windsofchange.dk/WOC-usastat.php

|title = Winds Of Change, Stories of a dawning Wind Power Industry, American Federal Projects 1975–1985

|publisher = Nordisk AeroForm ApS

|access-date = 2008-12-10

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080716022625/http://www.windsofchange.dk/WOC-usastat.php

|archive-date = 2008-07-16

}} Initially, the wind turbine had a lattice tower, a 38.1m diameter two-bladed rotor mounted downwind from the tower, and a capacity of 100 kW. Lockheed Corporation manufactured aluminum rotor blades. The discovery of severe stress resulting from the rotor blades passing through the tower's wind shadow led to several redesigns. In 1979, NASA rebuilt the MOD-0 with an upwind rotor mounted on a teetering hub, with a steel spar reinforcing the blades. In 1982, a tubular tower replaced the lattice tower. Finally, in 1985 NASA tested a single-bladed rotor with a teetering hub. In 1981, two NASA Glenn engineers, Larry Viterna and Bob Corrigan, used the adjustable-pitch blade feature of the MOD-0 to invent an analytical method for calculating wind turbine output in high winds, which has since become widely used in the wind power industry as the Viterna method.{{Cite web

|url = http://www.federallabs.org/news/top-stories/articles/?pt=top-stories/articles/0906-08.jsp

|title = NASA Wind Energy Research Reaps Rewards

|first = Jan

|last = Wittry

|date = 2008-09-06

|access-date = 2008-12-15

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202028/http://www.federallabs.org/news/top-stories/articles/?pt=top-stories%2Farticles%2F0906-08.jsp

|archive-date = 2009-01-17

}}{{Cite web

|last1 = Viterna

|first1 = L.A.

|last2 = Janetzke

|first2 = D.C.

|date = 1982-09-01

|title = Theoretical and experimental power from large horizontal-axis wind turbines

|publisher = Glenn Research Center

|place = Brook Park, Ohio

|id = 19820025954

|url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=560082&id=4&qs=N%3D4294871842

|access-date = 2008-12-15

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606032049/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=560082&id=4&qs=N=4294871842

|archive-date = 2011-06-06

}}

File:NASA MOD-0 model 1975 00594L.jpg|Model and display board of NASA MOD-0 experimental wind turbine

File:NASA MOD-0 construction 1975 03133L.jpg|Constructing the MOD-0 in 1975

File:NASA MOD-0 Plum Brook OH 1975 03490L.jpg|MOD-0, initial configuration, at Glenn Research Center's Plum Brook station near Sandusky, Ohio

File:NASA MOD-0 smoke test 1982 05937L.jpg|MOD-0, smoke test, downwind rotor configuration, 1982

File:Mod-0 Wind turbine.jpg|MOD-0 research wind turbine in one-bladed configuration

In 2014, the Ohio General Assembly passed HB 483. This codified a wind turbine setback of {{convert|1125|ft|m}} from the property line for significant wind farms.{{cite web|url=https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/documents/gaDocuments/analyses130/h0483-ps-130.pdf|title=Am. Sub. H.B. 483|publisher=Ohio General Assembly|date=2014|access-date=October 13, 2017|page=163|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083412/https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/documents/gaDocuments/analyses130/h0483-ps-130.pdf|archive-date=October 14, 2017}} The change in wind turbine setbacks has discouraged investment of new wind farm development in the State of Ohio.{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2017/05/ohio_wind_law_crippling_wind_d.html|title=Ohio wind law crippling wind development, $4.2 billion boost to Ohio economy|last=Funk|first=John|newspaper=The Plain Dealer|date=May 24, 2017|access-date=October 13, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008091917/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2017/05/ohio_wind_law_crippling_wind_d.html|archive-date=October 8, 2017}}

File:SciotoRidgeWindFarm.jpg

The following table compares the growth in wind power installed nameplate capacity in megawatts (MW) for Ohio and the entire United States from 2002 through 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/321|title=U.S. Installed and Potential Wind Power Capacity and Generation|publisher=United States Department of Energy|year=2019|access-date=July 21, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626023932/https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/321|archive-date=June 26, 2019}}

| File:Ohio wind resource map 50m 800px.jpg

|-

|}

One large undeveloped resource of wind in Ohio is Lake Erie.{{Cite web

|url=http://greengold.org/wind/documents/107.pdf

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325012758/http://greengold.org/wind/documents/107.pdf

|archive-date=2009-03-25

|title=A Great Potential: The Great Lakes as a Regional Renewable Energy Source

|first=David

|last=Bradley

|date=2004-02-06

|access-date=2008-10-04

}}{{Cite web

|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27436310

|title = Great Lakes eyed for offshore wind farms

|publisher = NBC News, Associated Press

|date = 2008-10-31

|access-date = 2008-11-14

}}{{Cite web

|url = http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2008/10/momentum-for-great-lakes-offshore-wind.html

|title = Momentum Grows for Great Lakes Offshore Wind

|date = 2008-10-31

|access-date = 2008-11-15

|publisher = NewEnergyNews

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110101135942/http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2008/10/momentum-for-great-lakes-offshore-wind.html

|archive-date = 2011-01-01

}}{{Cite web

|url = http://www.development.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf_development/en-US/ExeSum_WindResrc_CleveWtrCribMntr_Reprt.pdf

|title = Lake Erie Wind Resource Report, Cleveland Water Crib Monitoring Site, Two-Year Report Executive Summary

|publisher = Green Energy Ohio

|date = 2008-01-10

|access-date = 2008-11-27

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217063550/http://www.development.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf_development/en-US/ExeSum_WindResrc_CleveWtrCribMntr_Reprt.pdf

|archive-date = 2008-12-17

}} Its shallow depth and shelter from hurricanes provide advantages in terms of both ease of construction as well as safety of the investment. Although land based wind farms frequently have lower siting costs, offshore wind farms usually have better wind, as open water lacks obstructions such as forests, buildings, and hills.

On February 11, 2010, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory released the first comprehensive update of the wind energy potential by state since 1993, showing that Ohio had potential to install 55 GW of onshore wind power nameplate capacity, generating 152 TWh annually.{{Cite web

|format = XLS

|url = http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=2542

|title = Estimates of Windy Land Area and Wind Energy Potential by State for Areas >= 30% Capacity Factor at 80m

|publisher = National Renewable Energy Laboratory

|access-date = 2010-02-25

|date = 2010-02-04

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110310062427/http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=2542

|archive-date = 2011-03-10

}} For comparison, Ohio consumed 160.176 TWh of electricity in 2005;{{Cite web

|title = Electric Power and Renewable Energy in Ohio

|url = http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=OH

|publisher = USDOE, EERE

|access-date = 2010-02-25

|date = 2008-06-25

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091208211747/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=oh

|archive-date = 2009-12-08

}} the entire U.S. wind power industry was producing at an annual rate of approximately 50 TWh at the end of 2008; and Three Gorges Dam (the world's largest electricity-generating station) produced an average of 80 TWh/yr in 2008 and 2009.

In 2008, Ohio had one utility-scale wind farm, one single large turbine wind power installation, and two more in development.

The AMP Wind Farm located at the following coordinates:({{Coord|41.379481|-83.737707|display=inline}}) west of Bowling Green in Wood County is Ohio's first utility-scale wind farm. It consists of four Vestas V80-1.8MW wind turbines giving a combined nameplate capacity of 7.2 MW.{{Cite web

|url = http://www.thewindpower.net/wind-farm-3108-amp-ohio-green-mountain-energy-wind-farm-vestas-nd.php

|title = AMP-Ohio/Green Mountain Energy Wind Farm, USA

|publisher = World wind power database

|access-date = 2008-12-15

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724104212/http://www.thewindpower.net/wind-farm-3108-amp-ohio-green-mountain-energy-wind-farm-vestas-nd.php

|archive-date = 2011-07-24

}} The first two units came online in 2003, and the second two in 2004, next to the Wood County landfill. In 2015 the wind turbines were paid off.{{cite news |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Jan Larson |title=BG's iconic wind turbines becoming costly dinosaurs – but city not giving up on wind – BG Independent News |url=https://bgindependentmedia.org/bgs-iconic-wind-turbines-becoming-costly-dinosaurs-but-city-not-giving-up-on-wind/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=BG Independent Media |date=August 2, 2020}} Because the turbines are early models, the operators have had difficulty sourcing replacement parts.{{cite news |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Jan Larson |title=Once state of the art, BG wind turbines are still struggling to crank out power – BG Independent News |url=https://bgindependentmedia.org/once-state-of-the-art-bg-wind-turbines-are-still-struggling-to-crank-out-power/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=BG Independent Media |date=August 22, 2022}} The US$10 million wind farm's wind turbines are highly visible for miles in all directions, and have become a tourist attraction, regularly hosting busloads of school children. A solar-powered kiosk on the site gives data to visitors about the project, the current wind speed, and real-time power generation.{{Cite web

|url = http://www.environmentohio.org/in-the-news/energy/energy/-ohio-gov-blows-hard-with-wind-powered-energy

|title = Ohio gov blows hard with wind-powered energy

|date = 2008-01-12

|publisher = Environment Ohio

|access-date = 2008-12-15

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032837/http://www.environmentohio.org/in-the-news/energy/energy/-ohio-gov-blows-hard-with-wind-powered-energy

|archive-date = 2011-07-26

}}

File:Bowling Green Wind Power.jpg|Vestas V80-1.8MW wind turbine outside Bowling Green, Ohio

File:Bowling Green Wind Farm - entrance sign, south turbines - 18086.JPG|Entrance sign, south turbines

File:Bowling Green Wind Farm - turbine, kiosk, sign - 18077.JPG|Visitor area and information kiosk

The Great Lakes Science Center installed a reconditioned Vestas V27-225 kW wind turbine in 2006, outside its museum building on Cleveland's North Coast Harbor between Cleveland Browns Stadium and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ({{Coord|41.506661|-81.696769|display=inline}}). The North Coast entertainment complex receives 1.5 million visitors per year, and the wind turbine appears regularly on local news broadcasts and Cleveland Browns NFL broadcasts, making it one of the world's most-viewed wind turbines.{{Cite web

|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/magazine/story?id=52697

|title=Great wind on the Great Lakes

|publisher=Renewable Energy World

|date=2008-07-31

|first=Harvey

|last=Wasserman

|access-date=2008-12-15

}}

The wind turbine originally operated on a wind farm in Denmark, which resold the wind turbine while repowering to newer, larger wind turbines.{{Cite web

|url = http://www.glsc.org/press/press.php?id=34

|title = Wind Turbine Project Q & A

|publisher = Great Lakes Science Center

|access-date = 2008-10-28

|date = 2006-05-17

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090425001844/http://www.glsc.org/press/press.php?id=34

|archive-date = 2009-04-25

}}Link is broken as of 2008-12-15. The ground around the wind turbine features an art display entitled Shadow and Light.{{Cite web

|url = http://www.glsc.org/energy/renewable.php

|title = Renewable Energy Exhibits

|publisher = Great Lakes Science Center

|access-date = 2008-12-18

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090520000616/http://www.glsc.org/energy/renewable.php

|archive-date = 2009-05-20

}} The display includes walkways that align with the wind turbine's shadow at solar noon and two hours, eleven minutes after solar noon, respectively. On the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the wind turbine's shadow also aligns with the walkways by length. Thus the wind turbine functions as a large gnomon in an incomplete sundial. The display includes boxes of light bulbs encased in concrete on one side of a plaza around the wind turbine's base, representing the amount of electricity consumed by the average American household in a year.

File:Great Lakes Science Center.jpg|Vestas V27 at the Great Lakes Science Center in Cleveland, Ohio

File:Clevelands Great Lakes Science Center.jpg|Another view of the GLSC and its wind turbine

File:Vestas V27 wind turbine at Great Lakes Science Center.jpg|Closeup photo of the wind turbine against the Cleveland skyline

{{advert section|date=July 2018}}

File:Ball Corporation Wind Turbine.jpgFindlay, Ohio, based on-site distributed-generation wind energy company One Energy has developed and constructed nine Wind for Industry projects to date with three projects in construction as of October 2018. Wind for Industry describes wind energy projects in which utility-scale wind turbines are installed on-site and interconnected on a facility's side of their utility meter (a process known as distributed generation or behind-the-meter wind, which sometimes follows net metering{{Cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/distributed-wind|title=Distributed Wind {{!}} Department of Energy|website=www.energy.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-06-01}}). These projects are designed to achieve a significant reduction of an industrial facility's electrical consumption from the grid. One Energy's on-site generation list includes:

{{col-begin}}

Source:{{cite web

|title=Electricity Data Browser

|url=http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/

|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy

|date=March 28, 2018

|access-date=August 10, 2021

}}

{{col-end}}

{{Portal|Wind power|Renewable energy|Energy|United States|Ohio}}

• Solar power in Ohio
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{{Reflist|2}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.climateark.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=97812 Group says wind energy an economic boon in Ohio]
• [http://www.odod.state.oh.us/CDD/oee/RE_wind.htm Wind Power in Ohio]
• {{YouTube|vpez-MPIQvU|Bowling Green Ohio Wind Turbine 2004}}
• {{YouTube|z_mc1Bj4O2o|Cleveland Wind Turbine Great Lakes Science Center}}
• [http://www.awstruewind.com/files/OH_pwr50m.pdf 50m wind power map for Ohio]
• [http://www.awstruewind.com/files/OH_pwr100m.pdf 100m wind power map for Ohio]
• [http://www.callahansclevelanddiary.com/?page_id=1352 Working wind power sites in Northeast Ohio]
• [http://ohiowindenergy.org/ Ohio Wind Energy Association]

{{Wind power in the United States}}

{{Energy in the USA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wind Power In Ohio}}