Wintershall

Wintershall was founded on 13 February 1894 by mining entrepreneur Carl Julius Winter, together with mining-industrialist Heinrich Grimberg. It was originally set up as a civil engineering company to mine potash in Kamen.{{cite news |url=https://www.hna.de/kassel/wintershall-holding-gmbh-org235554/wintershall-oel-und-gasproduzent-aus-kassel-wird-125-jahre-alt-ngz-11788216.html |title=125 Jahre Wintershall: Die Konzerngeschichte begann mit Salz | trans-title = 125 years of Wintershall: The company's history began with salt | first = Barbara | last = Will | newspaper=HNA | date=2019-02-20 |access-date = 2020-06-09 |language = de}} The name Wintershall (pronounced: Winters·hall) is derived from the surname of Carl Julius Winter and the Old High German word for salt (Hall, see halite, halurgy).{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://wintershalldea.com/en/who-we-are/history|publisher=Wintershall Dea GmbH|access-date=2020-05-30}}

Ground was first broken on 23 April 1900 to drill the Grimberg shaft at Widdershausen, and the first Wintershall potash works were built in Heringen. Wintershall drilled further shafts in the Werra potash fields, building and acquiring other works in the region. From 1895 to 1913, the potash shafts drilled in the Werra Valley numbered seven in Hesse and 21 in Thuringia.{{Cite news |title=Die Anfänge des Kalibergbaus in Heringen 1899. Das Abteufen des Schachtes Grimberg|trans-title = The beginnings of potash mining in Heringen 1899. Sinking of the Grimberg shaft| url=https://www.widdershausen.de/die-anfaenge.html|last=Koch|first=Bernd|newspaper= Chronik Widdershausen |language= de |access-date=2020-05-30}}

In 1930, crude oil production was added to Wintershall's line of work when a leakage of crude oil into one of the potash shafts in Völkenrode turned out to be a promising prospect for Wintershall. The increasing motorization as well as the subsequent gathering of munitions for the war meant that crude oil was very much in demand. Hence, from then on Wintershall concentrated on developing crude oil resources.Klag, N.D.: "Die Liberalisierung des Gasmarktes in Deutschland" (the liberalisation of the gas market in Germany), Tectum Verlag DE, 2003, p.172.

Wintershall benefited extensively from expropriation in Nazi Germany, the use of forced labourers and concentration camp internees, and from the politically active role of August Rosterg, who ran the company from World War I to the end of World War II.{{Cite news|title=Wintershalls braune Vergangenheit | trans-title = Wintershall's brown past |url=https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/1128395.nationalsozialismus-wintershalls-braune-vergangenheit.html|last=Pfeiffer|first=Hermannus| newspaper = Neues Deutschland | date = 2019-11-11 |language= de|access-date=2020-05-30}}

Rosterg maintained close ties with the NSDAP elite and met the commander of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, personally on several occasions. The American military government considered Rosterg, as a member of “Himmler’s circle”, to be a “captain of industry under the National Socialist regime”. Under his management, Wintershall was fully integrated in the NS system and acted in accordance with its goals.

In the 1930s, Wintershall took over Naphthaindustrie und Tankanlagen AG (NITAG), renaming it NITAG Deutsche Treibstoffe AG in 1938.{{cite news |url=https://www.erinnerungen-im-netz.de/erinnerungen/erin-artikel/nitag-ein-deutsches-mineraloelunternehmen-der-wintershall-mit-eigener-tankstellenkette-auch-in-kassel |title=Erinnerungen im Netz: NITAG ein deutsches Mineralölunternehmen der Wintershall mit eigener Tankstellenkette auch in Kassel | trans-title = NITAG, a German oil company owned by Wintershall with its own chain of petrol stations also in Kassel | first = Erhard | last = Schaeffer | work = Memories on the Net | date=2015-02-19 |access-date=2020-06-09}} NITAG had already been "Aryanised" by the time it was taken over, with the Jewish family Kahan no longer holding any shares in the company from 1932 at the latest. As a result, NITAG became the main sales subsidiary for mineral oil products alongside Mihag, Wiesöl and Wintershall Mineralöl GmbH.

Forced labourers were increasingly used during World War II. 1360 internees from the Buchenwald concentration camp had to work at Wintershall's Lützkendorf plant.{{Cite news|title=Zwangsarbeiter- Fonds: Diese Firmen haben profitiert, wollen bislang aber nicht zahlen | trans-title = Forced Labor Fund: These companies have benefited, but so far do not want to pay |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/zwangsarbeiter-fonds-diese-firmen-haben-profitiert-wollen-bislang-aber-nicht-zahlen-a-52780.html| work= Spiegel Online | date = 1999-11-19|access-date=2017-03-07}}{{Cite news|date=1999-11-18|title=Die Firmen, die nicht entschädigen wollen | trans-title = The companies that don't want to compensate |language= de|pages=2|work=Die Tageszeitung|url=https://taz.de/!1261312/|access-date=2020-05-30|issn=0931-9085}}

In the post-war era, Wintershall lost a large oil refinery in Lützkendorf, some of its NITAG service stations and the potash shafts and works in Thuringia due to expropriation in the Soviet Occupation Zone.{{Cite news|title=Tiefbraune Wirtschaft | trans-title = Deep brown economy |url=https://www.fr.de/wirtschaft/tiefbraune-wirtschaft-13424172.html|last=Pfeiffer|first=Hermannus|date=2020-01-07 | newspaper =Frankfurter Rundschau|language= de|access-date=2020-05-30}} In 1951, Wintershall made its first natural gas discovery in Northern Germany.{{Cite news|title=125 Jahre Wintershall. Bereit für das nächste Kapitel. Interview mit Mario Mehren, Vorstandsvorsitzender Wintershall | trans-title = 125 years of Wintershall. Ready for the next chapter. Interview with Mario Mehren, CEO Wintershall |url=https://www.dggv.de/aktuelles/neuigkeiten/detail/artikel/125-jahre-wintershall-bereit-fuer-das-naechste-kapitel.html|work = German Geological Society - Geological Association|access-date=2020-05-30}}

In 1951, Wintershall made its first natural gas discovery in northern Germany. In 1952, Wintershall and DEA AG acquired the majority in Deutsche Gasolin AG{{cite web |url=https://factharbor.com/company-history/wintershall-dea |title=Wintershall Dea | work = Fact Harbor |access-date=2020-06-09}} in connection with the construction of the Emsland oil refinery.{{Cite web|title=Wintershall – historische alte Aktien | trans-title = Wintershall – historic old stocks |url=https://www.schoene-aktien.de/wintershall-komplett_alte_aktien.html|website=www.schoene-aktien.de| language = de|access-date=2020-05-30}} In 1956, Wintershall's sales subsidiary NITAG was merged with Gasolin AG to create Deutsche Gasolin Nitag AG, after which Wintershall became a co-owner of Aral AG by contributing its shares in NITAG and Gasolin.

In 1965, Wintershall took over Preussag's shares in the Buggingen potash mine.{{Cite web|title=Chronik | trans-title = timeline |url=http://www.bergmannsverein-buggingen.de/chronik/| publisher = Bergmannsverein Buggingen |language= de |access-date=2020-05-30}}

In 1969, the BASF Group took over Wintershall as it was an important supplier of raw materials and hence enabled BASF to secure the resources it needed.{{Cite news|title= Aggressive Expansion |url=https://www.zeit.de/1969/18/aggressive-expansion | work = Zeit Online | date = 1969-05-02 |access-date=2020-05-30 | url-access = subscription | language = de}} The potash mining operations were integrated into Kali und Salz AG in 1970.{{cite news |url= https://www.hna.de/wirtschaft/ende-einer-langen-1157914.html | title = BASF trennt sich von K+S-Anteil | trans-title = BASF separates from K + S | first = José | last = Pinto | newspaper=HNA | date=2011-11-03 |access-date = 2020-05-30 |language = de}} Since then, the company has focused on gas and oil. Wintershall's subsidiary Gasolin was merged with its sister company Aral in 1971.{{Cite web|title=- Deutsche Gasolin|url=https://www.hwph.de/stocks-bonds/artnr-KU00611-deutsche-gasolin_demag.html| publisher = HWPH AG |access-date=2020-05-30 | language = de}}

In 1987, Wintershall began operating the Mittelplate drilling platform on the edge of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park along with DEA in a 50:50 joint venture.{{cite news |url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/production/article/14072744/digital-twin-extending-life-of-north-sea-mittelplate-platform |title= Digital twin extending life of North Sea Mittelplate platform | work = Offshore Magazine | date = 2019-11-26 |access-date=2020-06-09}} More than 35 million tonnes of crude oil have been produced to date by the relatively small production island, which measures just {{convert|70|by|95|m}}.{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=Reimar|date=2019-10-27|title=Ölbohrpläne im Wattenmeer: Millionen unter dem Schlick | trans-title = Millions under the silt |language=de|work=Die Tageszeitung|url=https://taz.de/!5633413/|access-date=2020-05-30|issn=0931-9085}} The Mittelplate offshore field contributes 55% to the German oil production.{{Cite web|title=ichere und umweltgerechte Erdölförderung im Wattenmeer | trans-title = Safe and environmentally friendly oil production in the Wadden Sea |url=https://www.bveg.de/Erdoel/Mittelplate|work=Federal Association for Natural Gas, Petroleum and Geoenergy eV|access-date=2020-05-30}}

From the 1990s, Wintershall became increasingly involved in natural gas trading. An agreement on the marketing of Russian natural gas in Germany was signed with the Russian producer Gazprom in the autumn of 1990. The cooperation between companies from the Russian and German was concluded shortly before German reunification.{{Cite news|title=Pionierzeit der russisch-deutschen Erdgaswirtschaft | trans-title = Pioneering days of the Russian-German natural gas industry |url=https://www.euractiv.de/section/energie-und-klimaschutz/news/pionierzeit-der-russisch-deutschen-erdgaswirtschaft/|date=2010-11-22| work = EURACTIV |language= de |access-date=2020-05-30}}

Wingas was founded in 1993 as a joint venture between Wintershall and Gazprom.{{Cite news |title=Gazprom tauscht Wingas-Spitze aus | trans-title = Gazprom replaces Wingas top management |url=https://www.udo-leuschner.de/energie-chronik/180208.htm|website=www.udo-leuschner.de|access-date=2020-05-30}} European unbundling regulations meant that network operation and storage had to be split from natural gas trading and transferred to separate companies. Consequently, the new Wingas (natural gas trading only) and Wingas Transport were formed in 2010. As a result of an asset swap between BASF and Gazprom, the new Wingas and hence Wintershall's natural gas trading activities were fully transferred to Russian ownership in 2015.{{Cite web|title=Geschichte | trans-title = History|url=https://www.wingas.com/unternehmen/ueber-wingas/geschichte.html|publisher = Wingas |language= de |access-date=2020-05-30}} Alongside that move, the remaining company Wingas Transport was renamed Gascade in 2012. Gascade is part of the joint venture WIGA Transport Beteiligungs-GmbH & Co. KG (WIGA) between Wintershall Dea and Gazprom.{{Cite news|title=Wingas Transport heißt jetzt Gascade| trans-title = Wingas Transport is now called Gascade |url=https://www.energate-messenger.de/news/120484/wingas-transport-heisst-jetzt-gascade|work = Energate Messenger| date = 2012-02-23 |access-date=2020-05-30}}

In 2010 the Wintershall Holding AG was transformed into Wintershall Holding GmbH.{{Cite web|title=Wintershall Dea GmbH, Celle|url=https://www.northdata.de/Wintershall+Dea+GmbH,+Celle/Amtsgericht+L%C3%BCneburg+HRB+200519|work = North Data |language= de |access-date=2020-05-30}}

Wintershall participated in the construction of Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines. was the company's response to rising demand for natural gas and falling production in Europe. Together with Gazprom and E.ON Ruhrgas, 55 billion cubic meters of transport capacities were generated in 2011 with the Baltic Sea pipeline. Wintershall has a 15.5 percent share in the pipeline.De Brabandere, E.; Gazzini, T.: "Foreign Investment in the Energy Sector: Balancing Private and Public Interests", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 6 Jun 2014, p.106.

A binding agreement to merge DEA and Wintershall was published on 27 September 2018.{{cite news |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/28/c_137499659.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928155005/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/28/c_137499659.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 28, 2018 |title=Wintershall, DEA reach agreement on German oil & gas merger |work=Xinhua |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2020-06-09}}{{Cite news|date=2016-04-12|title=Wintershall confirms signed memorandum of understanding with Iran | first = Vera | last = Eckert |work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/basf-wintershall-iran-idUSFWN17F0ND|access-date=2020-05-30}} The merger was carried out with official approval in May 2019.{{Cite news |title=Wintershall, DEA complete merger|url=https://www.pipelineoilandgasnews.com/regionalinternational-news/international-news/2019/may/wintershall-dea-complete-merger/|work = Pipeline Oil & Gas News | date = 2019-05-05 |access-date=2020-05-31}} It created Europe's leading independent gas and oil company.{{Cite news|title=Chemiebranche: Fusion von BASF-Tochter Wintershall und Dea abgeschlossen|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/energie/chemiebranche-fusion-von-basf-tochter-wintershall-und-dea-abgeschlossen/24275688.html | date = 2019-05-01 |work = Handelsblatt |language= de |access-date=2020-05-31}} BASF holds 67% of Wintershall Dea and LetterOne holds 33% of the ordinary shares in Wintershall Dea.{{Cite news |title=LetterOne and BASF merge businesses to create Wintershall Dea|url=https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/news/letterone-and-basf-merge-oil-and-gas-units-to-create-wintershall-dea/|date=2019-05-01|work =Hydrocarbons Technology| access-date=2020-05-31}} To consider the value of the midstream business of Wintershall Dea, BASF further received preference shares which results in a current overall participation of BASF of 72.7% in the entire share capital of the company.{{Cite news|title=BASF, LetterOne complete merger of oil and gas operations | url = https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/basf-letterone-complete-merger-of-oil-and-gas-operations.html|date=2019-05-13|work =IHS Markit|access-date=2020-05-31}} The preference shares will convert into ordinary shares of the company on 1 May 2022 or upon an initial public offering, whichever comes earlier.{{Cite web|title=ANNUAL REPORT 2019|url=https://wintershalldea.com/sites/default/files/media/files/Wintershall%20Dea%20annual%20report%202019.pdf| publisher =Wintershall Dea|access-date=2020-05-20}}

Wintershall had production locations in Germany, in the North Sea, Argentina, North Africa, the Middle East and Russia.{{cite news |url=https://www.hna.de/wirtschaft/wintershall-schreibt-trotz-niedriger-rohstoffpreise-gewinne-9045945.html |title= Wintershall is making profits despite low raw material prices | trans-title = 125 years of Wintershall: The company's history began with salt}}

• Klag, N.D.: "Die Liberalisierung des Gasmarktes in Deutschland" (the liberalisation of the gas market in Germany), Tectum Verlag DE, 2003.
• De Brabandere, E.; Gazzini, T.: "Foreign Investment in the Energy Sector: Balancing Private and Public Interests", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 6 Jun 2014.

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• [http://www.wintershall.com/ Wintershall Holding GmbH website]
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