Witches' Well, Edinburgh
{{short description|Monument to accused witches in Edinburgh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox monument|name=Witches' Well|image=File:Witches Well.jpg|location=Castle Esplanade, Edinburgh, Scotland|designer=John Duncan (painter)|dedicated_to=Witches burned at the stake nearby during the period 1479–1722}}
The Witches' Well is a monument to accused witches burned at the stake in Edinburgh, Scotland, and is the only one of its kind in the city.{{Cite news|last=Wimbish|first=Whitney Curry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/opinion/sunday/thar-be-witches-and-us.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Thar Be Witches, and Us|date=2019-10-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
The memorial drinking fountain is attached to a wall at the lower end of the Castle Esplanade, below Edinburgh Castle, and located close to where many witches were burned at the stake.{{Cite web|url=https://studentnewspaper.org/witchcraft-at-the-university-of-edinburgh/|title=Witchcraft at the University of Edinburgh|date=2018-11-10|website=The Student|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-06}} During the high point of witch hunting in the early modern period, 32% of accused witches came from the Lothian area.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/calls-memorial-victims-scotlands-witch-trials-595058|title=Calls for memorial to victims of Scotland's witch trials|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}
Design and history
The well was commissioned by Sir Patrick Geddes in 1894, and designed by Geddes' friend John Duncan.{{Cite web|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/witches-well-edinburghs-witch-trials-memorial-610428|title=The Witches Well: Edinburgh's witch trials memorial|website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-witches-well|title=The Edinburgh Witches' Well|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}} The bronze relief features a foxglove plant, a snake curled around the heads of Hygeia, the Greek goddess of good health, and her father Aesculapius, god of medicine. Other parts of the well feature trees, healing hands, and the evil eye. The water spout, now dry, is located beneath the snake's head. In the top left and bottom right are the Roman numerals for the years 1479 and 1722 respectively, the time period during which most witches were persecuted in Scotland. The model for the Well is held by the City Art Centre in Edinburgh.{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/model-for-the-witches-well-castlehill-254986|title=Model for 'The Witches' Well', Castlehill {{!}} Art UK|website=artuk.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}
File:Witches Well - Detail 4.jpg|Evil eye detail
File:Witches Well - Detail 3.jpg|Hands of healing detail
The building upon which it is affixed (now containing the Tartan Weaving Mill) was built in 1851, for the Castlehill Reservoir.{{Cite web|url=http://www.royal-mile.com/history/witches-well.html|title=ROYAL-MILE.COM WITCHES WELL|website=www.royal-mile.com|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819084000/http://www.royal-mile.com/history/witches-well.html|url-status=dead}} The 1851 building replaced its 17th-century predecessor, constructed when act of parliament in 1624 enabled the bringing of fresh water into the city from the nearby Pentland Hills.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/lost-edinburgh-brief-tour-castlehill-1519138|title=Lost Edinburgh: A brief tour of Castlehill|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.edinburghexpert.com/1/post/2018/03/castlehill-reservoir-and-edinburghs-water-supply.html|title=Castlehill Reservoir and Edinburgh's Water Supply|website=Edinburgh Expert Walking Tours|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}} In 1674 the reservoir was connected to 12 wells around the city, eventually closing in 1992, and converted into the Tartan Mill in 1996.
There have been repeated calls for a newer, permanent memorial to those accused as witches. In 2016, Edinburgh World Heritage called for a new memorial for Edinburgh, and in 2017, Dr Julian Goodare of the University of Edinburgh and Professor Lynn Abrams of the University of Glasgow called for a new memorial for Scotland.{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/justice-witches-heritage-group-calls-7647665|title=Should the women burned as 'witches' in Edinburgh be immortalised in a memorial?|last=Reporter|first=Record|date=2016-03-29|website=dailyrecord|access-date=2020-03-06}} In 2019 those calls were repeated by Dr Goodare and Louise Yeomans, as directors of the Survey of Scottish Witchcraft.{{Cite news|last=correspondent|first=Libby Brooks Scotland|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/oct/29/calls-for-memorial-to-scotlands-tortured-and-executed-witches|title=Calls for memorial to Scotland's tortured and executed witches|date=2019-10-29|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
Plaque and inscription
The plaque above the fountain was mounted on the wall in 1912.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scran.ac.uk/scranalogue/2016/08/22/john-duncan/|title=John Duncan|date=2016-08-22|website=Scranalogue|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-06}} The inscription reads:
{{blockquote|This fountain, designed by John Duncan, R.S.A. is near the site on which many witches were burned at the stake. The wicked head and serene head signify that some used their exceptional knowledge for evil purposes while others were misunderstood and wished their kind nothing but good. The serpent has the dual significance of evil and wisdom. The foxglove spray further emphasises the dual purpose of many common objects.}}
The inscription has been criticised for historical inaccuracy, in the assumption that those killed had magical powers.
References
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{{Monuments in Edinburgh}}
{{Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles|state=collapsed}}
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Category:1894 establishments in Scotland
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1894
Category:Drinking fountains in the United Kingdom
Category:Monuments and memorials in Edinburgh