Withdrawal through Andalal (1741)

{{Short description|Withdrawal by the Persian army under Nader Shah in 1741}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox military conflict

| partof = the Nader's Campaigns

| image =

| caption =

| conflict =

| date = September 1741

| place = Dagestan

| result = Persian withdrawal harried,Axworthy, Michael(2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, I. B. Tauris
causing heavy casualties"History of Nadir Shah's Wars" (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, (Court Historian)

| territory =

| combatant1 = Lak Khanate
Mekhtuly Khanate
22px Avar Khanate
{{flagicon image|Lezgian flag.svg}} Lekia

| combatant2 = 36px Persian Empire

| commander1 = Murtazali-Khan
Ahmed-Khan Mekhtuly
22px Kadi Pir Magomed

| commander2 = Nader Shah
Lutf Ali Khan
Haydar Bek

| strength1 = Unknown, presumably numerically inferior

| strength2 = Unknown

| casualties1 = Unknown

| casualties2 = 30,000 men
33,000 camel and horses
79 guns{{cite book |last=Piotrovsky |first=Boris B. |author-link=Piotrovsky, Boris Borisovich |title=History of the Peoples of the North Caucasus from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |chapter=Defeat of Nader’s Troops in Dagestan |year=1988 |publisher=Nauka |location=Moscow |isbn=5-02-009486-2 |language=ru |page=424 |url=https://instituteofhistory.ru/library/publications/istoriya-narodov-severnogo-kavkaza-s-drevnejshih-v}}

| campaignbox = |

}}

{{Campaignbox Nader}}

The withdrawal of Andalal by the Persian army under Nader Shah took place after he broke off the siege of the last Lezgian fortress in order to return to Derbent for winter quarters. His withdrawal came under heavy raids by the Lezgians. However, there is no mention of any pitched battle around Andalal, or anywhere else during the withdrawal, in any of the primary or secondary material in the established historiography of Nader's Campaigns.Kashmiri, Abdol-Karim, Bayān-e Vāghe, Edited by K. B. Nasim Lahur, 1970Vatazes, Basile, Persica; Histoire de Chah-Nader, ed. N Iorga, Bucharest 1939Mohsen, Mohammad, Zobdat-ol-Tavarikh, edited by Behruz Gudarzi, Tehran 1375History of Nadir Shah's Wars (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, (Court Historian)Mohammad Kazem Marvi Yazdi, Rare views of the world 3 vols., Ed Amin Riahi, Tehran, Third Edition, 1374Hanway, Jonas, An Historical Account of the British Trade, 1: 251–3Floor, Wiilem(2009). The rise & fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports 1730-1747, Mage PublishersAxworthy, Michael(2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, I. B. TaurisMalcom, History of PersiaGhafouri, Ali (2008). History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now. Etela'at PublishingLockhart, Laurence, Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938{{Excessive citations inline|reason=come on now|date=August 2021}}

The Withdrawal

The withdrawal took place in Andalal; the mountainous part of Avaria. The previous years and months during Nader's Dagestan campaign had been bloody years with firm resistance offered by the Lezgins, Tabasarans, Avars, Kumyks, and others, as well as the relentless counter-attacks by Nader Shah due to this, whose campaigning in Dagestan was a devastating one to everyone. However, by September 1741, all of Dagestan – except several Avar territories – had fallen under Persian hegemony.АВПР, ф. «Сношения России с Персией», 1741 г. Nader decided to attack from two flanks; at Andalal and Avaria, through the Aimakin Gorge.Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich Abdulatipov. [{{cite book | title=Russia and the Caucasus | date=29 October 2015 | publisher=Edwin Mellen Press | isbn=9780773431942 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAYhAQAAMAAJ | ref={{sfnref | 2015}} | access-date=19 November 2015}} Russia and the Caucasus: On the Arduous Path to Unity] Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 {{ISBN|978-0773431942}} p 15 As commented by English historian L. Lockhart;Lawrence Lockhart, 1938. Р. 202.

{{blockquote|"With the Avars remaining unconquered, the key to all of Dagestan remains out of reach of Nader Shah."}}

The terrible danger looming over Avaria rallied Avar society. An important Avar leader, {{Interlanguage link multi|Qadi Pir Muhammad|ru|3=Пир-Мухаммад}}, sent a message of support to all societies. Religious leader Ibrahim Haji Andalan Gidatlinsky twice before turned to the Shah of Persia, trying to persuade him not to conduct an unnecessary war with the Avar Muslims. Moreover, by Nadir Shah, according to legend, they were sent letters and legates from Andalal. Following the rejection by Nader, Qadi Pir Muhammad replied: "Now, between us can not be peace. As long as our mind is not going blur, we will fight and destroy the invading enemy."

Avars threw rocks from above the mountain at the troops who were passing by. In September 1741 there was an ambush in Aymakinskom gorge. Here the contingents under Lutf Ali Khan and Haydar-Bek were utterly defeated. From the 4,000-strong detachment, Haidar Bek led, only 500 people survived. And from the 6,000-strong detachment, only 600 survived. The winners won much booty: 19 guns, much ammo, and all the baggage.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Following the retreat,Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich Abdulatipov. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cAYhAQAAMAAJ&q=nader+shah+andalal Russia and the Caucasus: On the Arduous Path to Unity] Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 {{ISBN|978-0773431942}} p 15{{better source needed|date=November 2015}} the Persian army extricated through Kumukh, Khorsekh, Tchyrag, Richa, Kurakh, and eventually to the Iranian town of Derbent.{{cite journal | last=G. | first=I. | title=HEROIC RESISTANCE OF THE AGULS AGAINST IRANIAN CONQUEROR NADER SHAH IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY | journal=ВЕСТНИК САРАТОВСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА | issue=3 | issn=1994-5094 | url=http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/heroic-resistance-of-the-aguls-against-iranian-conqueror-nader-shah-in-the-first-half-of-the-18th-century | language=ru | access-date=19 November 2015}}

Historiography of the conflict

There is no mention of a set-piece battle fought in the vicinity of Andalal in any of the primary sources,Kashmiri, Abdol-Karim, Bayān-e Vāghe, Edited by K. B. Nasim Lahur, 1970Vatazes, Basile, Persica; Histoire de Chah-Nader, ed. N Iorga, Bucharest 1939Mohsen, Mohammad, Zobdat-ol-Tavarikh, edited by Behruz Gudarzi, Tehran 1375History of Nadir Shah's Wars (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, (Court Historian)Mohammad Kazem Marvi Yazdi, Rare views of the world 3 vols., Ed Amin Riahi, Tehran, Third Edition, 1374Hanway, Jonas, An Historical Account of the British Trade, 1: 251–3{{Excessive citations inline|reason=come on now|date=August 2021}} nor is there any reference to such an engagement in any of the secondary source material focusing on the subject of Nader's Campaigns.Floor, Wiilem(2009). The rise & fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports 1730-1747, Mage PublishersAxworthy, Michael(2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, I. B. TaurisMalcom, History of PersiaGhafouri, Ali (2008). History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now. Etela'at PublishingLockhart, Laurence, Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938{{Excessive citations inline|reason=come on now|date=August 2021}}

There are however well established accounts of the withdrawing Persian columns coming under constant harrying by the Lezgis and their allies. The Lezgis who refused to commit to any set piece battles,Axworthy, Michael(2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, I. B. Tauris repeatedly harassed the withdrawing Persian army, making Andalal a "calamitous region""History of Nadir Shah's Wars" (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, (Court Historian) for Nader Shah's forces as they suffered from a combination of terrible weather conditions, strained logistics, outbreaks of disease and ceaseless harassment by Lezgi skirmishers.Ghafouri, Ali (2008). History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now. Etela'at Publishing

Nader Shah's ultimately failed attempts at annexing Dagestan became a source for legends, myths, and folk-tales amongst the people of the North Caucasus. The Avar epic Srazhenie s Nadir Shakhom, (The battle with Nāder Shah), and the Lak Pesnya o geroe Murtazaali, (Epic of the hero Mortażā ʿAlī), provide a vivid and colourful picture of the triumph over "the scourge of the universe." These works represent the pinnacle of the Dāḡestānī epic genre; their significance to the mountain peoples "can be compared to that of Slovo o polku Igoreve (The lay of the army of Igor) in Russian epic poetry".N. V. Kapieva, Pesni narodov Dagestana (Songs of the peoples of Dāḡestān), Leningrad, 1970. page 19. And the Kumyks, in turn, preserve the memory of their hero Akhmed-khan Mekhtuly, who made one of the most dominant roles in the defeat of the troops in Andalal.

References

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See also