Women's Land Army

File:Fordson tractor with members of British Women's Land Army 1940s.jpg

File:Women%27s_Land_Army_(WLA)_badge,_c._1940._(22765131005).jpg

The Women's Land Army (WLA) was a British civilian organisation created in 1917 by the Board of Agriculture during the First World War to bring women into work in agriculture, replacing men called up to the military. Women who worked for the WLA were commonly known as Land Girls (Land Lassies).[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/before-rosie-the-riveter-farmerettes-went-to-work-141638628/ "Before Rosie the Riveter, Farmerettes Went to Work"] The Land Army placed women with farms that needed workers, the farmers being their employers. The members picked crops and did all the labour to feed the country. Notable members include Joan Quennell, later a Member of Parliament; John Stewart Collis, Irish author and pioneer ecologist; the archaeologist Lily Chitty and the botanist Ethel Thomas. It was disbanded in 1919 but revived in June 1939 under the same name to again organise new workers to replace workers that served in the military during the Second World War.

History

=First World War=

File:Agriculture in Britain during the First World War Q30655.jpg

The Women's Farm and Garden Union had existed since 1899 and in February 1916 they sent a deputation to meet Lord Selborne.{{Cite web|title=History – WFGA|url=https://www.wfga.org.uk/history/|access-date=2021-04-07|language=en-GB}} Selborne's Ministry of Agriculture agreed to fund a Women’s National Land Service Corps with a grant of £150. Louise Wilkins was to lead the new organisation that was to focus on recruiting women for emergency war work.{{Cite ODNB|title=Wilkins [née Jebb], Louisa (1873–1929), agricultural administrator|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50178|access-date=2021-04-07| year=2004 |language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50178| isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }} They were tasked with improving recruitment and provide propaganda about the good cause of women of all classes undertaking agricultural work. The new members of the organisation were to not become agricultural workers but to organise others (e.g. in villages) to do this work. By the end of 1916 they had recruited 2,000 volunteers but they estimated that 40,000 was required. At the Women’s National Land Service Corps's suggestion a Land Army was formed. The WNLSC continued to deal with recruitment and the network assisted in the launch of a "Land Army"; by April 1917 they had over 500 replies and 88 joined the new Land Army where they became group leaders and supervisors.{{cite web|title=brassard, British, Women's National Land Service Corps|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30110679|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Imperial War Museums}}{{cite web|title=WW1 Women Land Worker Organisations|url=https://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/first-world-war-womens-land-army/other-women-land-worker-organisations/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Women's Land Army.co.uk|language=en-GB}}

File:Women's-Land-Army-1917.jpg

In time the Land Army would take on 23,000 workers who took the place of the 100,000 workers lost to the forces. The women were paid 18 shillings a week and this could be increased to 20 shillings (a pound) if they were considered efficient. 23,000 was a significant contribution but there were estimated to be 300,000 women working on the land during the First World War.{{cite web|title=Formation|url=https://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/world-war-one/formation/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Women's Land Army.co.uk|language=en-GB}}

A Good Service Ribbon was awarded to eligible women.[http://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/97-years-ago-today-presentation-of-good-service-ribbons-in-stafford-1919/ 97 years ago today: Presentation of Good Service Ribbons in Stafford, 1919] January 1918 saw the publication of the first issue of The Landswoman, the official monthly magazine of the Women’s Land Army and the Women’s Institutes.{{cite web |title=The Landswoman Magazine (WW1) |url=https://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/archive-material/the-landswoman-magazine-ww1/ |website=The Women’s Land Army |publisher=Cherish Watton |access-date=12 October 2018}} The organisation was disbanded in November 1919.'Women's Land Army', Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 6 October 1919, page

=Second World War=

File:Harvesting at Mount Barton, Devon, England, 1942 D10334.jpg

As the prospect of war became increasingly likely, the government wanted to increase the amount of food grown within Britain. In April 1939, peacetime conscription was introduced for the first time in British history, which led to shortages of workers on the farms. To grow more food, more help was needed on the farms and so the government restarted the Women's Land Army in July 1939. Though under the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, it was given an honorary head – Lady Denman. At first it asked for volunteers. This was supplemented by conscription, so that by 1944 it had over 80,000 members.

Inez Jenkins, who had served as Lady Deman's assistant director during the establishment of the WLA served as Chief Administrative Officer until 1948. The last Chief of the WLA was Amy Curtis.{{cite web|title=Timeline 1948 - Bedfordshire Women's Land Army - The Virtual Library|url=https://virtual-library.culturalservices.net/webingres/bedfordshire/vlib/0.wla/wla_timeline_1948.htm|access-date=4 October 2020|website=virtual-library.culturalservices.net}}{{cite book|last1=Hawkins|first1=Richard|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor1-last=McGuire|editor1-first=James|location=Cambridge|chapter=Curtis, Amy|editor2-last=Quinn|editor2-first=James}} The WLA lasted until its official disbandment on 30 November 1950.{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/post-world-war-two/the-end-of-the-land-army/|title=Disbandment}}

The majority of the Land Girls already lived in the countryside, but more than a third came from London and the industrial cities of the north of England. A separate branch was set up in 1942 for forestry industry work, officially known as the Women's Timber Corps and with its members colloquially known as "Lumber Jills" – this was disbanded in 1946.{{cite journal |last=Vickers |first=Emma |title='The Forgotten Army of the Woods': The Women's Timber Corps during the Second World War |journal=Agricultural History Review |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=101–112 |date=2011 |publisher=British Agricultural History Society |url=https://www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/59_1_6_Vickers.pdf}}

In 1943, during the Second World War, Amelia King was refused work because she was black. The decision was overturned after being raised in the House of Commons by her MP, Walter Edwards.{{cite book |last=Bourne |first=Stephen |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/817869839 |title=The Motherland Calls: Britain's Black Servicemen & Women, 1939-45 |date=2012 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-9071-7 |location=Stroud |oclc=817869839}}{{cite book |last=Romain |first=Gemma |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994808229 |title=Race, sexuality and identity in Britain and Jamaica: the biography of Patrick Nelson, 1916-1963 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-4725-8865-4 |location=London |oclc=994808229}}

=Commemoration=

In October 2012, the Prince of Wales unveiled the first memorial to the WLA of both World Wars, on the Fochabers estate in Moray, Scotland. The sculpture was designed by Peter Naylor.{{cite web|title=The Prince of Wales unveils memorial to Women's Land Army|url=https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/news-and-diary/the-prince-of-wales-unveils-memorial-womens-land-army|website=Prince of Wales|access-date=2 March 2017}} In October 2014, a memorial statue to the Women's Timber Corps and both incarnations of the Women's Land Army was unveiled at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, England.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-29694149|title=Memorial Arboretum Land Girls monument unveiled after three-year fundraising campaign|work=BBC News|date=21 October 2014 }}

Recognition

File:Oak panel from York Minster's Five Sisters window memorial inc Women's Forage Corps.jpg

In 1925 the Five Sisters window at York Minster was rededicated to the 1,513 women who died in the line of service during WWI, including ten women from the Land Army.{{cite magazine |date=September 1925 |author= |title=Five Sisters Window: Unveiling by the Duchess of York |magazine=The Canadian Nurse |location=Winnipeg, Canada |edition=Vol. 21, No. 9 |publisher=Canadian Nurses’ Association |page=484}}{{cite book |date=2018 |last=Fell |first=Alison S |title=Women as veterans in interwar Britain and France |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |page=48 |isbn=9781108348935 }}

File:Women's Land Army statue.jpg, Staffordshire]]

In December 2007, following campaigning by former Land Girl Hilda Gibson, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) announced that the efforts of the Women's Land Army and the Women's Timber Corps would be formally recognised with the presentation of a specially designed commemorative badge to the surviving members. The badge of honour was awarded in July 2008 to over 45,000 former Land Girls.{{cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/food-farm/farm-manage/wages/wla/|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130123162956/http://www.defra.gov.uk/food-farm/farm-manage/wages/wla/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-23|title=Women's Land Army|publisher=UK National Archives}}

In October 2012, the Prince of Wales unveiled the first memorial to the WLA of both World Wars, on the Fochabers estate in Moray, Scotland. The sculpture was designed by Peter Naylor. In October 2014, a memorial statue to the Women's Timber Corps and both incarnations of the Women's Land Army was unveiled at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, England.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-29694149|title=Memorial Arboretum Land Girls monument unveiled after three-year fundraising campaign|work=BBC News|date=21 October 2014}}

In popular culture

The Women's Land Army was the subject of:

The Land Girls (1998), a film loosely based on Angela Huth's book Land Girls (1995){{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_land_girls|title=The Land Girls (1998)|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/7332317/Land-girls-disquiet-on-the-home-front.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410220521/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/7332317/Land-girls-disquiet-on-the-home-front.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2012|title=Land girls: disquiet on the home front|last=Smith|first=Julia Llewellyn|date=27 February 2010|work=The Telegraph|location=London|accessdate=12 February 2015}}
The ITV sitcom Backs to the Land (1977–78){{Cite web|url=https://www.britishclassiccomedy.co.uk/wartime-comedy-down-on-the-farm|title=Backs To The Land, 1977|date=25 October 2016|website=britishclassiccomedy.co.uk}}
The BBC dramatic TV series Land Girls (2009–11){{cite web|url=http://www.writersguild.org.uk/news-a-features/tv/65-land-girls |title=Mobilising Land Girls |date=24 September 2009 |publisher=Writers' Guild of Great Britain |accessdate=17 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724145554/http://www.writersguild.org.uk/news-a-features/tv/65-land-girls |archivedate=24 July 2011 }}
The Powell and Pressburger 1944 film A Canterbury Tale features as the female lead a Land Girl, portrayed by Sheila Sim.{{cite news|title=A Canterbury Tale at 70: a ray of English sunshine|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/11059651/A-Canterbury-Tale-at-70-a-ray-of-English-sunshine.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph| date=30 August 2014|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221004257/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/11059651/A-Canterbury-Tale-at-70-a-ray-of-English-sunshine.html|archive-date=21 February 2016|first=Christian|last=House}}
The play Lilies of the Land (2010) by theatre company The Lions Part.{{cite web|url=https://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/liliesland-rev.htm|title=Lilies on the Land|last=Loxton|first=Howard|author-link1=Howard Loxton|website=British Theatre Guide|access-date=18 November 2024}}

It also figured largely in:

Series 3, Episode 3 (2004) of the ITV detective series Foyle's War, entitled "They Fought in the Fields".{{Cite web|url=http://www.nothing-fancy.com/foyleswar/episodes/303/303summ4.htm|title=Foyle's War:They Fought in the Fields|website=nothing-fancy.com}}
In the 2002 detective novel A Presumption of Death by Jill Paton Walsh and Dorothy L. Sayers, the plot centres on Harriet Vane and Lord Peter Wimsey trying to solve the murder of a land girl in Hertfordshire.{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-312-29100-6|title=Fiction Book Review: A PRESUMPTION OF DEATH by Jill Paton Walsh, Author, Dorothy L. Sayers, Author. St. Martin's Minotaur $24.95 (384p) ISBN 978-0-312-29100-6|website=Publishers Weekly}}
The Play For Today episode Rainy Day Women.

References

External links

[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120424210815/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb007pdx232 Archives relating to the Women's Land Army]
[http://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/ Women's Land Army]
[http://www.spartacus-educational.com/2WWlandarmy.htm Spartacus Schoolnet WW2 Land Army]
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2116478 BBC Information Page]
[http://www.bures.me.uk/wla/wla.htm The story of the Women's Land Army in Leavenheath,Suffolk]
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/sussex/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8286000/8286988.stm BBC Audio Slideshow about one woman's Land Army experiences]
[http://www.yorkshiremuseumoffarming.co.uk Yorkshire Museum of Farming]
[https://merl.reading.ac.uk/collections/womens-land-army-collections/ Women's Land Army collections Museum of English Rural Life]

Category:British women in World War II

Category:United Kingdom home front during World War II

Category:Women's organisations based in the United Kingdom

Category:History of agriculture in the United Kingdom

Category:Organizations established in 1939

Category:Organizations disestablished in 1949

Category:1939 establishments in the United Kingdom

Category:1949 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Category:Women in agriculture

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Category:United Kingdom home front during World War I

Category:1917 establishments in the United Kingdom