Wu Daozi
{{Short description|Chinese artist (c.689–c.759)}}
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|altname=Daoxuan |c2={{linktext|道|玄}} |p2= |w2=
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Wu Daozi ({{Circa|685|758 CE}} or {{Circa|689|759 CE}}), also known as Daoxuan and Wu Tao Tzu, was a Chinese painter of the Tang dynasty. The British art historian Michael Sullivan considers him one of "the masters of the seventh century."[https://books.google.com/books?id=MZS7z17ZvIkC&pg=PA43 Chinese Landscape Painting: The Sui and T'ang Dynasties. (Berkeley: University of California press, 1980]. {{ISBN|0520035585}}), pp. 50-52. In China, his paintings are believed to mark the peak of court painting. None of his works survive, however later surviving copies are based on his original drawings.{{Cite book |last=Barnhart |first=Richard M. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Three_Thousand_Years_of_Chinese_Painting/ZjD_vhUo_GcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover |title=Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting |last2=Yang |first2=Xin |date= |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-300-09447-3 |pages=3 |language=en}}
Wu's father died when he was at an early age, and he subsequently lived in poverty. He learned calligraphy from Zhang Xu and He Zhizhang, before specialising in painting. He pioneered realistic techniques, the formal establishment of brushwork, and landscape painting. He painted figures with round strokes so as to show their flowing clothes.
Works
Image:Confucius Tang Dynasty.jpg by Wu Daozi|256x256px]]He traveled widely and created murals in Buddhist and Daoist temples. Wu also drew mountains, rivers, flowers, birds. No authentic originals are extant, though some exist in later copies or stone carvings.James Cahill. An Index of Early Chinese Painters and Paintings: T'ang, Sung, and Yüan. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0520035763}}), [https://books.google.com/books?id=UGNj8iCETp8C&pg=PA21 pp. 21-22]. Wu's famous painting of Confucius was preserved through being copied in a stone engraving.
Legends
File:Attributed to Wu Daozi. Flying Demon. Rubbing of a stone engraving in the Northern Yue Temple in Quyang, Hebei Province. 97,5 cm high..jpgNumerous legends gathered around Wu Daozi, often concerning commissions by Emperor Xuanzong.
In one, Emperor Xuanzong called him to paint a wall of his palace. He painted a wall mural displaying a rich nature-scene set in a valley, containing a stunning array of flora and fauna and including a cave at the foot of a mountain. The story goes that he informed the emperor that it's not just what the emperor is able to see, Wu Daozi has made this painting in such a way, that a spirit dwells in the cave. Next, he clapped his hands and entered the cave, inviting the emperor to follow. The painter entered the cave but the entrance closed behind him and, before the astonished emperor could move or utter a word, the painting vanished from the wall. This story depicts the spirituality of art.A version of this story appears in Herbert Allen Giles. An Introduction to the History of Chinese Pictorial Art. (London: Quaritch, 2d ed., 1918), [https://books.google.com/books?id=fe4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47 pp. 47-48.] The contemporary Swedish writer Sven Lindqvist meditates on this legend and the challenge that it poses to modern aesthetics in his book, The Myth of Wu Tao-Tzu.Sven Lindqvist, translated by Joan Tate. The Myth of Wu Tao-Tzu. (1967; rpr. London: Granta, 2012. {{ISBN|9781847085221}}).
Another legend states that Emperor Xuanzong sent Wu Daozi to Sichuan to study the green waters of the Jialing River in order to complete a mural of its entire course.{{citation |title=《中国文化历史故事》 [Zhongguo Wenhua Gushi Congshu] |pages=232–3 }}. {{in lang|en}} Supposedly, Wu returned without sketches and rapidly painted the entire river from memory, completing the 300-li account within a single day.{{citation |editor-last=Strassberg |editor-first=Richard E. |title=Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2m3nb15s;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print |page=35 }}. It is sometimes added that his technique was foiled by Li Sixun, who accompanied him and followed the traditional practice of working slowly from numerous prepared sketches.{{citation |last=Van Briessen |first=Fritz |title=The Way of the Brush: Painting Techniques of China and Japan |page=52 |date=1964 }}. To the extent that it is grounded in a real event, however, it probably only reflects Wu's speed of execution and not a lack of reliance on sketches.{{citation |last=Kao |first=Yu-kung |author-mask=Kao Yu-kung |editor=Alfreda Murck |editor2=Wen Fong |display-editors=0 |title=Words and Images: Chinese Poetry, Calligraphy, and Painting |contribution=Chinese Lyric Aesthetics |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wJFbPBjj6ucC&pg=PA84 84–5]}}.
Another has it that a painter found one of the last surviving murals of Wu Daozi and learned to imitate the style. He then destroyed the wall, possibly by pushing it into a river, to ensure that no one else could learn the same secrets.
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{{wide image|File:八十七神仙卷.png|dir=rtl|2500px|Eighty seven celestial people, possibly Wu Daozi.}}
{{Wide image|
File:送子天王图.jpg|2500px|Born of Gautama Buddha, Wu Daozi.|dir=rtl}}
Legacy
The Presentation of Buddha was featured in 2004-5 television presentations in China.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnhubei.com/404/|title=感谢您的浏览！-荆楚网|website=www.cnhubei.com}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cctv.com/art/20040412/101225.shtml|title=CCTV.com-书画频道|website=www.cctv.com}}
File:EB1911 China - Wu Taotzü- Sakyamuni.jpg|Black and white reproduction of a portrait of Sakyamuni (the Buddha), attributed to Wu Daozi, published in 12th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)
File:Wu Daozi. The Daoist Official of Earth. Jin-Yuan dynasty. 12-13 cent. MFA, Boston..jpg|Daoist deity of Earth, attributed to Wu Daozi
File:Wu Daozi. The Daoist Official of Heaven. Jin-Yuan dynasty. 12-13 cent. MFA, Boston..jpg|Daoist deity of Heaven
See also
- Chinese mythology
- Zhou Fang, contemporary Tang dynasty painter
References
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Category:7th-century Chinese painters