Wyonycteris

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = Thanetian-Ypresian
~{{Fossil range|58.5|50.3}}

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| display_parents = 3

| taxon = Wyonycteris

| authority = Gingerich 1987P. D. Gingerich. 1987. Early Eocene bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and other vertebrates in freshwater limestones of the Willlwood Formation, Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(11):275-320

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| type_species = {{Extinct}}Wyonycteris chalix

| type_species_authority = Gingerich 1987

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision_ref = {{cite web |title=Fossilworks: Wyonycteris |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40506 |website=fossilworks.org}}

| subdivision =

{{Extinct}}Wyonycteris chalix Gingerich 1987
{{Extinct}}Wyonycteris galensis Secord 2008
{{Extinct}}Wyonycteris kingi Hooker 2018
{{Extinct}}Wyonycteris microtis Secord 2008
{{Extinct}}Wyonycteris primitivus Beard and Dawson 2009
{{Extinct}}Wyonycteris richardi Smith 1995

}}

Wyonycteris is a genus of small mammals that existed in the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs. The type species is Wyonycteris chalix, which lived in Wyoming during the Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age of the Paleocene and was originally proposed to be an early form of insectivorous bat. Later re-examination of the material has put this alliance in doubt, and the genus has instead been proposed as belonging to the subfamily Placentidentinae, within the family Nyctitheriidae.{{cite journal |last1=Beard |first1=K. Christopher |last2=Dawson |first2=Mary R. |title=Early Wasatchian Mammals of the Red Hot Local Fauna, Uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |date=November 2009 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=193–243 |doi=10.2992/007.078.0301|s2cid=86281527 }} Similar fossil material of the same time period found in Europe was later discovered and described as new species, Wyonycteris richardi.Smith, Thierry. (1995). Présence du genre Wyonycteris (Mammalia, Lipotyphla) à la limite Paléocène-Eocène en Europe. Comptes Rendus de l Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science. 321. 923-930.

Secord (2008) described the first known species of Wyonycteris from the Tiffanian NALMA, Wyonycteris galensis and W. microtis,{{Cite periodical |author=Ross Secord |date=2008 |title=The Tiffanian Land-Mammal Age (Middle and Late Paleocene) In The Northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming |periodical=Papers on Paleontology |number=35 |hdl=2027.42/61362 |hdl-access=free}} although the status of both species as members of Wyonycteris has been questioned.{{Cite journal|last1=Manz|first1=Carly L.|last2=Bloch|first2=Jonathan I.|date=2015-09-01|title=Systematics and Phylogeny of Paleocene-Eocene Nyctitheriidae (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla?) with Description of a new Species from the Late Paleocene of the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming, USA|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=307–342|doi=10.1007/s10914-014-9284-3|s2cid=15369336|issn=1573-7055}} The two largest species, W. primitivus and W. kingi, are known from the early Eocene of Mississippi and England, respectively.{{Cite journal|last=Hooker|first=Jerry J.|date=2018-03-30|title=A mammal fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum of Croydon, London, UK|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787818300014|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|volume=131|issue=5|pages=458–473|doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.01.001|s2cid=134941309 |issn=0016-7878|url-access=subscription}}

Evolutionary relationships

Wyonycteris is only known from dental remains. It is characterized by W-shaped crests on the outer side of the upper molars, a trait that it shares with most insectivorous bats.{{Cite journal|last=Gingerich|first=Philip D.|date=1987|title=Early Eocene bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and other vertebrates in freshwater limestones of the Willwood Formation, Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming|journal=Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan|volume=27|pages=275–320}} However, Wyonycteris possesses a number of additional cusps on the upper molars that are not present in bats leading many researchers to conclude that it is more closely related to the extinct insectivorous family Nyctitheriidae. A recent phylogenetic analysis found most species of Wyonycteris to be within the family Nyctitheriidae, most closely related to the genus Pontifactor. Wyonycteris microtis was found to be very distantly related to the other species of Wyonycteris, outside the family Nyctitheriidae and more closely related mammal to bats alongside genus Eosoricodon.Matthew F. Jones, Nancy Simmons, K. Christopher Beard (2022.) "Relationship of nyctitheres (Mammalia, Nyctitheriidae) to bats and other laurasiatherians", in [https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-SVP-Program-Abstract-Brochure_Preliminary.pdf "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"]

Rose et al. (2012) compared Wyonycteris to the genus Plagioctenoides and concluded that the two may in fact belong to the same genus.{{Cite periodical |author=Kenneth D. Rose |author2=Amy E. Chew |author3=Rachel H. Dunn |author4=Mary J. Kraus |author5=Henry C. Fricke |author6=Shawn P. Zack |title=Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming |periodical=Papers on Paleontology |number=36 |hdl=2027.42/89881 |hdl-access=free}} If this is the case, the correct genus name would be Plagioctenoides since it was formally named first.