X-ray microtomography

The fan-beam system is based on a one-dimensional (1D) X-ray detector and an electronic X-ray source, creating 2D cross-sections of the object. Typically used in human computed tomography systems.

{{see also|Cone beam reconstruction}}

The cone-beam system is based on a 2D X-ray detector (camera) and an electronic X-ray source, creating projection images that later will be used to reconstruct the image cross-sections.

In an open system, X-rays may escape or leak out, thus the operator must stay behind a shield, have special protective clothing, or operate the scanner from a distance or a different room. Typical examples of these scanners are the human versions, or designed for big objects.

In a closed system, X-ray shielding is put around the scanner so the operator can put the scanner on a desk or special table. Although the scanner is shielded, care must be taken and the operator usually carries a dosimeter, since X-rays have a tendency to be absorbed by metal and then re-emitted like an antenna. Although a typical scanner will produce a relatively harmless volume of X-rays, repeated scannings in a short timeframe could pose a danger. Digital detectors with small pixel pitches and micro-focus x-ray tubes are usually employed to yield in high resolution images.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghani MU, Zhou Z, Ren L, Li Y, Zheng B, Yang K, Liu H | title = Investigation of spatial resolution characteristics of an in vivo micro computed tomography system | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment | volume = 807 | pages = 129–136 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26640309 | pmc = 4668590 | doi = 10.1016/j.nima.2015.11.007 | bibcode = 2016NIMPA.807..129G }}

Closed systems tend to become very heavy because lead is used to shield the X-rays. Therefore, the smaller scanners only have a small space for samples.

File:CT Webcam.gif with a cone beam μCT system at 100kV tube voltage and 12W tube power.]]

Because microtomography scanners offer isotropic, or near isotropic, resolution, display of images does not need to be restricted to the conventional axial images. Instead, it is possible for a software program to build a volume by 'stacking' the individual slices one on top of the other. The program may then display the volume in an alternative manner.{{Cite book|vauthors=Carmignato S, Dewulf W, Leach R|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLo6DwAAQBAJ&q=X-ray+microtomography|title=Industrial X-Ray Computed Tomography|date=2017|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-59573-3|language=en}}

For X-ray microtomography, powerful open source software is available, such as the ASTRA toolbox.{{cite journal | vauthors = van Aarle W, Palenstijn WJ, De Beenhouwer J, Altantzis T, Bals S, Batenburg KJ, Sijbers J | title = The ASTRA Toolbox: A platform for advanced algorithm development in electron tomography | journal = Ultramicroscopy | volume = 157 | pages = 35–47 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26057688 | doi = 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.05.002 | url = https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/23858 | hdl = 10067/1278340151162165141 | hdl-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = van Aarle W, Palenstijn WJ, Cant J, Janssens E, Bleichrodt F, Dabravolski A, De Beenhouwer J, Joost Batenburg K, Sijbers J | display-authors = 6 | title = Fast and flexible X-ray tomography using the ASTRA toolbox | journal = Optics Express | volume = 24 | issue = 22 | pages = 25129–25147 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27828452 | doi = 10.1364/OE.24.025129 | url = https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/24770 | bibcode = 2016OExpr..2425129V | doi-access = free | hdl = 10067/1392160151162165141 | hdl-access = free }} The ASTRA Toolbox is a MATLAB and python toolbox of high-performance GPU primitives for 2D and 3D tomography, from 2009 to 2014 developed by [http://visielab.uantwerpen.be iMinds-Vision Lab], University of Antwerp and since 2014 jointly developed by iMinds-VisionLab, UAntwerpen and CWI, Amsterdam. The toolbox supports parallel, fan, and cone beam, with highly flexible source/detector positioning. A large number of reconstruction algorithms are available, including FBP, ART, SIRT, SART, CGLS.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLfKjwEACAAJ|title=A Quasi-realtime X-ray Microtomography System at the Advanced Photon Source|date=1999|publisher=United States. Department of Energy|language=en}}

For 3D visualization, tomviz is a popular open-source tool for tomography.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Volume rendering is a technique used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set, as produced by a microtomography scanner. Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern, e.g., one slice every millimeter, and usually have a regular number of image pixels in a regular pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume element, or voxel represented by a single value that is obtained by sampling the immediate area surrounding the voxel.

Where different structures have similar threshold density, it can become impossible to separate them simply by adjusting volume rendering parameters. The solution is called segmentation, a manual or automatic procedure that can remove the unwanted structures from the image.{{Cite journal |last1=Andrä |first1=Heiko |last2=Combaret |first2=Nicolas |last3=Dvorkin |first3=Jack |last4=Glatt |first4=Erik |last5=Han |first5=Junehee |last6=Kabel |first6=Matthias |last7=Keehm |first7=Youngseuk |last8=Krzikalla |first8=Fabian |last9=Lee |first9=Minhui |last10=Madonna |first10=Claudio |last11=Marsh |first11=Mike |last12=Mukerji |first12=Tapan |last13=Saenger |first13=Erik H. |last14=Sain |first14=Ratnanabha |last15=Saxena |first15=Nishank |date=2013-01-01 |title=Digital rock physics benchmarks—Part I: Imaging and segmentation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098300412003147 |journal=Computers & Geosciences |series=Benchmark problems, datasets and methodologies for the computational geosciences |volume=50 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.1016/j.cageo.2012.09.005 |bibcode=2013CG.....50...25A |s2cid=5722082 |issn=0098-3004}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Fu J, Thomas HR, Li C |title=Tortuosity of porous media: Image analysis and physical simulation |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=January 2021 |volume=212 |pages=103439 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103439|bibcode=2021ESRv..21203439F |s2cid=229386129 |url=https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa55808/Download/55808__18817__4aeefe32b0ee4ae7993bff0531362902.pdf }}

{{see also|Archaeology}}

• Reconstructing fire-damaged artifacts, such as the En-Gedi Scroll and Herculaneum papyri
• Unpacking cuneiform tablets wrapped in clay envelopes and clay tokens

{{see also|Biomedical}}

• Both in vitro and in vivo small animal imaging
• Neurons{{Cite journal|last1=Depannemaecker|first1=Damien|last2=Santos|first2=Luiz E. Canton|last3=de Almeida|first3=Antonio-Carlos Guimarães|last4=Ferreira|first4=Gustavo B. S.|last5=Baraldi|first5=Giovanni L.|last6=Miqueles|first6=Eduardo X.|last7=de Carvalho|first7=Murilo|last8=Costa|first8=Gabriel Schubert Ruiz|last9=Marques|first9=Marcia J. Guimarães|last10=Scorza|first10=Carla A.|last11=Rinkel|first11=Jean|date=2019-08-21|title=Gold Nanoparticles for X-ray Microtomography of Neurons|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00290|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|volume=10|issue=8|pages=3404–3408|doi=10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00290|pmid=31274276|s2cid=195805317}}
• Human skin samples
• Bone samples, including teeth,{{cite journal |title=Quantitative high contrast X-ray microtomography for dental research |last1=Davis |first1=GR |last2=Evershed |first2= AN |last3=Mills |first3=D |journal=J. Dent. |date=May 2013|volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=475–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jdent.2013.01.010 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23380275/ |pmid=23380275 |access-date=3 March 2021 }} ranging in size from rodents to human biopsies
• Lung imaging using respiratory gating
• Cardiovascular imaging using cardiac gating
• Imaging of the human eye, ocular microstructures and tumors{{cite journal | vauthors = Enders C, Braig EM, Scherer K, Werner JU, Lang GK, Lang GE, Pfeiffer F, Noël P, Rummeny E, Herzen J | display-authors = 6 | title = Advanced Non-Destructive Ocular Visualization Methods by Improved X-Ray Imaging Techniques | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = e0170633 | date = 2017-01-27 | pmid = 28129364 | pmc = 5271321 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0170633 | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1270633E | doi-access = free }}
• Tumor imaging (may require contrast agents)
• Soft tissue imaging{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizutani R, Suzuki Y | title = X-ray microtomography in biology | journal = Micron | volume = 43 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 104–15 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22036251 | doi = 10.1016/j.micron.2011.10.002 | arxiv = 1609.02263 | s2cid = 13261178 }}
• Insects{{cite journal | vauthors = van de Kamp T, Vagovič P, Baumbach T, Riedel A | title = A biological screw in a beetle's leg | journal = Science | volume = 333 | issue = 6038 | pages = 52 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21719669 | doi = 10.1126/science.1204245 | bibcode = 2011Sci...333...52V | s2cid = 8527127 }} – Insect development{{cite journal | vauthors = Lowe T, Garwood RJ, Simonsen TJ, Bradley RS, Withers PJ | title = Metamorphosis revealed: time-lapse three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis | journal = Journal of the Royal Society, Interface | volume = 10 | issue = 84 | pages = 20130304 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23676900 | pmc = 3673169 | doi = 10.1098/rsif.2013.0304 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Onelli OD, Kamp TV, Skepper JN, Powell J, Rolo TD, Baumbach T, Vignolini S | title = Development of structural colour in leaf beetles | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 1373 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28465577 | pmc = 5430951 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-01496-8 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...7.1373O }}
• Parasitology – migration of parasites,{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulantová J, Macháček T, Panská L, Krejčí F, Karch J, Jährling N, Saghafi S, Dodt HU, Horák P | display-authors = 6 | title = Trichobilharzia regenti (Schistosomatidae): 3D imaging techniques in characterization of larval migration through the CNS of vertebrates | journal = Micron | volume = 83 | pages = 62–71 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26897588 | doi = 10.1016/j.micron.2016.01.009 }} parasite morphology{{Cite journal|last1=Noever|first1=Christoph|last2=Keiler|first2=Jonas|last3=Glenner|first3=Henrik|date=2016-07-01|title=First 3D reconstruction of the rhizocephalan root system using MicroCT|journal=Journal of Sea Research|series=Ecology and Evolution of Marine Parasites and Diseases|volume=113|pages=58–64|doi=10.1016/j.seares.2015.08.002|bibcode=2016JSR...113...58N|doi-access=free|hdl=1956/12721|hdl-access=free}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagler C, Haug JT | title = Functional morphology of parasitic isopods: understanding morphological adaptations of attachment and feeding structures in Nerocila as a pre-requisite for reconstructing the evolution of Cymothoidae | journal = PeerJ | volume = 4 | pages = e2188 | date = 2016-01-01 | pmid = 27441121 | pmc = 4941765 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.2188 | doi-access = free }}
• Tablet consistency checks{{cite journal | vauthors=Carlson CS, Hannula M, Postema M | title=Micro-computed tomography and brightness-mode ultrasound show air entrapments inside tablets | journal=Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering | year=2022 | volume=8 | issue=2 | pages=41–44 | doi=10.1515/cdbme-2022-1012 | s2cid=251981681 | doi-access=free }}

Developmental biology

• Tracing the development of the extinct Tasmanian tiger during growth in the pouch{{cite journal | vauthors = Newton AH, Spoutil F, Prochazka J, Black JR, Medlock K, Paddle RN, Knitlova M, Hipsley CA, Pask AJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Letting the 'cat' out of the bag: pouch young development of the extinct Tasmanian tiger revealed by X-ray computed tomography | journal = Royal Society Open Science | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 171914 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29515893 | pmc = 5830782 | doi = 10.1098/rsos.171914 | bibcode = 2018RSOS....571914N }}
• Model and non-model organisms (elephants,{{cite journal | vauthors = Hautier L, Stansfield FJ, Allen WR, Asher RJ | title = Skeletal development in the African elephant and ossification timing in placental mammals | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 279 | issue = 1736 | pages = 2188–95 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22298853 | pmc = 3321712 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.2481 }} zebrafish,{{cite journal | vauthors = Ding Y, Vanselow DJ, Yakovlev MA, Katz SR, Lin AY, Clark DP, Vargas P, Xin X, Copper JE, Canfield VA, Ang KC, Wang Y, Xiao X, De Carlo F, van Rossum DB, La Riviere P, Cheng KC | display-authors = 6 | title = Computational 3D histological phenotyping of whole zebrafish by X-ray histotomography | journal = eLife | volume = 8 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31063133 | pmc = 6559789 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.44898 | doi-access = free }} and whales{{cite journal | vauthors = Hampe O, Franke H, Hipsley CA, Kardjilov N, Müller J | title = Prenatal cranial ossification of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) | journal = Journal of Morphology | volume = 276 | issue = 5 | pages = 564–82 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25728778 | doi = 10.1002/jmor.20367 | s2cid = 43353096 }})

{{see also|Electronics}}

• Small electronic components. E.g. DRAM IC in plastic case.

• Spray nozzle

{{see also|Metal foam}}

• Ceramics and Ceramic–Metal composites.{{cite journal|title= Compressive performance and crack propagation in Al alloy/Ti₂AlC composites | journal= Materials Science and Engineering A | year= 2019 | volume=672 | pages=247–256| doi= 10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.073|last1 = Hanaor|first1 = D.A.H.| last2= Hu | first2= L. | last3= Kan | first3= W.H. | last4= Proust | first4= G. | last5= Foley | first5= M. | last6= Karaman | first6= I. | last7= Radovic | first7= M. | arxiv= 1908.08757 | bibcode= 2019arXiv190808757H | s2cid= 201645244 }} Microstructural analysis and failure investigation
• Composite material with glass fibers 10 to 12 micrometres in diameter

{{see also|plastics}}

• Plastic foam

{{see also|Diamond}}

• Detecting defects in a diamond and finding the best way to cut it.

{{see also|seeds}}

• 3-D imaging of foodsGerard van Dalen, Han Blonk, Henrie van Aalst, Cris Luengo Hendriks [http://www.cb.uu.se/~cris/Documents/GIT2003.pdf 3-D Imaging of Foods Using X-Ray Microtomography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719140749/http://www.cb.uu.se/~cris/Documents/GIT2003.pdf |date=July 19, 2011 }}. G.I.T. Imaging & Microscopy (March 2003), pp. 18–21
• Analysing heat and drought stress on food crops{{cite journal | vauthors = Hughes N, Askew K, Scotson CP, Williams K, Sauze C, Corke F, Doonan JH, Nibau C | display-authors = 6 | title = Non-destructive, high-content analysis of wheat grain traits using X-ray micro computed tomography | journal = Plant Methods | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 76 | date = 2017-11-01 | pmid = 29118820 | pmc = 5664813 | doi = 10.1186/s13007-017-0229-8 | doi-access = free }}
• Bubble detection in squeaky cheese{{Cite journal|date=2023|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5–8|vauthors=Nurkkala E, Hannula M, Carlson CS, Hyttinen J, Hopia A, Postema M|journal=Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering|doi=10.1515/cdbme-2023-1002|title=Micro-computed tomography shows silent bubbles in squeaky mozzarella|s2cid=262087123|doi-access=free}}

{{see also|paper}}

• Piece of wood to visualize year periodicity and cell structure

{{see also|Building materials}}

• Concrete after loading

{{see also|Geology}}

In geology it is used to analyze micro pores in the reservoir rocks,{{Cite journal |last1=Munawar |first1=Muhammad Jawad |last2=Vega |first2=Sandra |last3=Lin |first3=Chengyan |last4=Alsuwaidi |first4=Mohammad |last5=Ahsan |first5=Naveed |last6=Bhakta |first6=Ritesh Ramesh |date=2021-01-01 |title=Upscaling Reservoir Rock Porosity by Fractal Dimension Using Three-Dimensional Micro-Computed Tomography and Two-Dimensional Scanning Electron Microscope Images |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/energyresources/article/doi/10.1115/1.4047589/1084712/Upscaling-Reservoir-Rock-Porosity-by-Fractal |journal=Journal of Energy Resources Technology |language=en |volume=143 |issue=1 |doi=10.1115/1.4047589 |s2cid=224851782 |issn=0195-0738}}{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Huafeng |last2=Belhaj |first2=Hadi |last3=Tao |first3=Guo |last4=Vega |first4=Sandra |last5=Liu |first5=Luofu |date=2019-04-01 |title=Rock properties evaluation for carbonate reservoir characterization with multi-scale digital rock images |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920410518311847 |journal=Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering |volume=175 |pages=654–664 |doi=10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.075 |bibcode=2019JPSE..175..654S |s2cid=104311947 |issn=0920-4105}} it can be used in [http://wiki.aapg.org microfacies] analysis for sequence stratigraphy. In petroleum exploration it is used to model the petroleum flow under micro pores and nano particles.

It can give a resolution up to 1 nm.

• Sandstone
• Porosity and flow studies{{Cite journal |last1=Andrä |first1=Heiko |last2=Combaret |first2=Nicolas |last3=Dvorkin |first3=Jack |last4=Glatt |first4=Erik |last5=Han |first5=Junehee |last6=Kabel |first6=Matthias |last7=Keehm |first7=Youngseuk |last8=Krzikalla |first8=Fabian |last9=Lee |first9=Minhui |last10=Madonna |first10=Claudio |last11=Marsh |first11=Mike |last12=Mukerji |first12=Tapan |last13=Saenger |first13=Erik H. |last14=Sain |first14=Ratnanabha |last15=Saxena |first15=Nishank |date=2013-01-01 |title=Digital rock physics benchmarks—part II: Computing effective properties |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098300412003172 |journal=Computers & Geosciences |series=Benchmark problems, datasets and methodologies for the computational geosciences |volume=50 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1016/j.cageo.2012.09.008 |bibcode=2013CG.....50...33A |issn=0098-3004}}{{Cite journal |last1=Cid |first1=Héctor Eduardo |last2=Carrasco-Núñez |first2=Gerardo |last3=Manea |first3=Vlad Constantin |last4=Vega |first4=Sandra |last5=Castaño |first5=Victor |date=2021-02-01 |title=The role of microporosity on the permeability of volcanic-hosted geothermal reservoirs: A case study from Los Humeros, Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650520303126 |journal=Geothermics |volume=90 |pages=102020 |doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.102020 |bibcode=2021Geoth..9002020C |s2cid=230555156 |issn=0375-6505}}

{{see also|Fossils}}

• Vertebrates
• Invertebrates{{cite journal | vauthors = Garwood R, Dunlop JA, Sutton MD | title = High-fidelity X-ray micro-tomography reconstruction of siderite-hosted Carboniferous arachnids | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 841–4 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19656861 | pmc = 2828000 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0464 }}

{{see also|Microfossils}}

File:Micro-CT model of radiolarian, Triplococcus acanthicus.png, Triplococcus acanthicus}} This is a microfossil from the Middle Ordovician with four nested spheres. The innermost sphere is highlighted red. Each segment is shown at the same scale.Kachovich, S., Sheng, J. and Aitchison, J.C., 2019. Adding a new dimension to investigations of early radiolarian evolution. Scientific reports, 9(1), pp.1-10. {{doi|10.1038/s41598-019-42771-0}}.]]

• Benthonic foraminifers

{{see also|Palaeography}}

• Digitally unfolding letters of correspondence which employed letterlocking.{{cite web |title=A Letter Sealed for Centuries Has Been Read—Without Even Opening It |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-letter-sealed-for-centuries-has-been-readwithout-even-opening-it-11614679203 |last=Castellanos |first= Sara |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |work= The Wall Street Journal }}{{cite journal |title=Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography |last1=Dambrogio |first1=Jana |last2=Ghassaei |first2=Amanda |last3=Staraza Smith |first3=Daniel |last4=Jackson |first4=Holly |last5=Demaine |first5=Martin L.|date=2 March 2021 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=1184 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-21326-w |pmid=33654094 |pmc=7925573 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1184D }}

{{see also|Space}}

• Locating stardust-like particles in aerogel using X-ray techniques{{cite journal|author1=Jurewicz, A. J. G. |author2=Jones, S. M. |author3=Tsapin, A. |author4=Mih, D. T. |author5=Connolly, H. C. Jr. |author6=Graham, G. A. |year=2003|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1228.pdf |title=Locating Stardust-like Particles in Aerogel Using X-Ray Techniques|journal=Lunar and Planetary Science |volume=XXXIV|pages=1228 |bibcode=2003LPI....34.1228J }}
• Samples returned from asteroid 25143 Itokawa by the Hayabusa mission{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuchiyama A, Uesugi M, Matsushima T, Michikami T, Kadono T, Nakamura T, Uesugi K, Nakano T, Sandford SA, Noguchi R, Matsumoto T, Matsuno J, Nagano T, Imai Y, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Ogami T, Katagiri J, Ebihara M, Ireland TR, Kitajima F, Nagao K, Naraoka H, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Yurimoto H, Zolensky ME, Mukai T, Abe M, Yada T, Fujimura A, Yoshikawa M, Kawaguchi J | display-authors = 6 | title = Three-dimensional structure of Hayabusa samples: origin and evolution of Itokawa regolith | journal = Science | volume = 333 | issue = 6046 | pages = 1125–8 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21868671 | doi = 10.1126/science.1207807 | bibcode = 2011Sci...333.1125T | s2cid = 206534927 }}

{{see also|stereoscopy}}

• Visualizing with blue and green or blue filters to see depth

• Cigarettes
• Social insect nests{{cite journal | vauthors = Perna A, Theraulaz G | title = When social behaviour is moulded in clay: on growth and form of social insect nests | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 220 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 83–91 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 28057831 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.143347 | doi-access = free }}

• Synchrotron
• Mind uploading

{{Reflist

|refs=

{{YouTube|0jqP_6jyjyo|Unpacking a Cuneiform Tablet wrapped in a clay envelope}}. Data processing and visualization using the GigaMesh Software Framework, cf. doi:10.11588/heidok.00026892.

}}

{{Commons}}

• [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420058765 MicroComputed Tomography: Methodology and Applications]
• [http://www.ecmjournal.org/journal/supplements/vol009supp01/pdf/v009supp01a24.pdf Synchrotron and non synchrotron X-ray microtomography threedimensional representation of bone ingrowth in calcium phosphate biomaterials]
• [http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn399/idn399.htm Microfocus X-ray Computer Tomography in Materials Research]
• [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1228.pdf Locating Stardust-like particles in aerogel using x-ray techniques]
• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544194/ Use of micro CT to study kidney stones]
• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129364 Use of micro CT in ophthalmology]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090806134348/http://www.gatan.com/files/PDF/products/XuMMTNov08Paper.pdf Application of the Gatan X-ray Ultramicroscope (XuM) to the Investigation of Material and Biological Samples]
• [http://sls.web.psi.ch/view.php/beamlines/tomcat/publications/2009_Ferreira_SPIE.pdf 3D Synchrotron X-ray microtomography of paint samples]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Medical imaging}}

Category:Medical imaging

Category:Materials science

Microtomography

Category:Microtechnology

Category:X-ray computed tomography

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