Xenoracism

The term has been coined by race and racism scholar Ambalavaner Sivanandan and expanded on by other scholars like Liz Fekete.{{cite book|author=Mike Cole|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|title=Education, Equality and Human Rights: Issues of gender, 'race', sexuality, disability and social class|date=18 November 2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-58098-7|pages=94–95}} Sivanandan defined it in his 2001 article Poverty is a New Black as "xenophobia that bears all marks of the old racism, except that it is not colour coded. It is racism in substance, though xeno in form."{{Cite journal|last=Sivanandan|first=A.|date=2001-10-01|title=Poverty is the New Black|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396801432001|journal=Race & Class|language=en|volume=43|issue=2|pages=1–5|doi=10.1177/0306396801432001|s2cid=143101370|issn=0306-3968}} Fekete expanded the term to describe Islamophobia in Europe, suggesting that the same phenomenon affects communities that have settled in Europe for decades and have been previously more integrated, but whose members are now seen as foreigners, though scholars are still discussing whether this term should indeed apply to wider context.

The term xenoracism has been used to describe racism which has been experienced by white Eastern European economic migrants in Western Europe at the turn of the 21st century, following the fall of communism and the enlargement of the EU.{{cite book|author=John S. McCoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnleDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|title=Protecting Multiculturalism: Muslims, Security, and Integration in Canada|date=14 June 2018|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-5417-7|pages=48–50}}{{cite book|author=Mary Dickins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHNFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|title=A - Z of Inclusion in Early Childhood|date=1 February 2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK)|isbn=978-0-335-24679-3|pages=188–}}{{Cite journal|last=Rzepnikowska|first=Alina|date=2019-01-02|title=Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote|journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|volume=45|issue=1|pages=61–77|doi=10.1080/1369183X.2018.1451308|s2cid=150325026|issn=1369-183X|doi-access=free}} Among others, this term has been used to describe the discriminatory treatment of Poles in the United Kingdom{{cite book|author=Raymond Taras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZVvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|title=Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe|date=30 June 2012|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-5489-5|pages=74–}} as well as the discriminatory treatment of Romanichal in the United Kingdom{{Cite journal|last=Searle|first=Chris|date=2017-07-01|title=Xeno-racism and the scourge of Roma school exclusion|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396817701671|journal=Race & Class|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=73–83|doi=10.1177/0306396817701671|s2cid=149129552|issn=0306-3968}} or West Africans in Italy.{{Cite journal|last=Kuijpers|first=Lisa|date=2016-08-26|title=The Outsiders. West African migrants and xeno-racism in northern Italy|url=https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/3442|language=en}} The term has also been used to describe older phenomena, such as the discrimination against Irish people in the United Kingdom.{{cite book|author1=Vic George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVjzF6wSDyQC&pg=PA167%7CDATE%3D19+NOVEMBER+2004%7CPUBLISHER%3DPOLITY%7CISBN%3D978-0-7456-2951-3%7CPAGES%3D167%E2%80%93%7D%7D%3C%2FREF%3E|title=Global Social Problems|author2=Robert M. Page|date=19 November 2004|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-2951-3|page=167}} Additionally, it has been suggested that this term is similar to and overlaps with historical and modern anti-semitism and Islamophobia.{{cite book|author=Barbara Franz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPg-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=Immigrant Youth, Hip Hop, and Online Games: Alternative Approaches to the Inclusion of Working-Class and Second Generation Migrant Teens|date=13 August 2015|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-0093-7|page=7}}

Other groups which are commonly affected, in addition to immigrants, are refugees, asylum seekers, and other displaced people,{{Cite journal|last=Fekete|first=Liz|date=2001-10-01|title=The Emergence of Xeno-Racism|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396801432003|journal=Race & Class|language=en|volume=43|issue=2|pages=23–40|doi=10.1177/0306396801432003|s2cid=144936793|issn=0306-3968}} though some scholars think that racism against such groups may merit a different term.

The concept has also been used in the analysis of the racism in the United States.{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Kyoo|date=2014|title=Xenoracism and Double Whiteness: How Ben Franklin, 'True-blue English/First American,' Still Confuses Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0046|journal=Critical Philosophy of Race|volume=2|issue=1|pages=46–67|doi=10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0046|jstor=10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0046|issn=2165-8684}}

• Anti-French sentiment
• Anti-German sentiment
• Anti-Irish sentiment
• Anti-Polish sentiment
• Anti-Russian sentiment
• Anti-Slavic sentiment
• Black Power
• Economic discrimination
• Ethnocentrism
• Nativism (politics)
• Reverse racism
• Xenophobia

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Category:Racism

Category:Xenophobia