Xiao Mausoleum
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = Nanjing Ming Xiaoling 2017.11.11 08-10-27.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Ming Lou, the main building of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
| official_name = Xiaoling Tomb including area from Treasure Mound to Shenlieshan Stele, including Plum Blossom Hill, and Big Golden Gate
| location = Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| part_of = Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)}}(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)
| ID = 1004ter-005
| coordinates = {{coord|name=Xiaoling Dian, Ming Xiaoling Maosoleum|32.058271|N|118.839631|E|type:landmark_region:CN-32_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| year = 2000
| extension = 2003, 2004
| area = {{convert|116|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| locmapin = China Jiangsu Nanjing#China Jiangsu
| map_caption =
}}
The Ming Xiaoling ({{zh|c=明孝陵|p=Míng Xiào Líng|l=Filial mausoleum of Ming}}) is the mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dynasty. It lies at the southern foot of Purple Mountain, located east of the historical centre of Nanjing. The legend says that in order to prevent robbery of the tomb, 13 identical processions of funeral troops started from 13 city gates to obscure the real burying site.Asian Historical Architecture
The construction of the mausoleum began during the Hongwu Emperor's life in {{start date and age|1381|p=y}} and ended in {{end date and age|1405|p=y}}, during the reign of his son the Yongle Emperor, with a huge expenditure of resources involving 100,000 labourers. The original wall of the mausoleum was more than 22.5 kilometres long. The mausoleum was built under heavy guard of 5,000 troops.
Layout and monuments
=Great golden gate and Square city=
Da Jin Men and Sifangcheng. One enters the site through the monumental Great Golden Gates (Da Jin Men), and is soon faced by a giant stone tortoise (bixi), which resides in the Sifangcheng ("Square city") pavilion. The tortoise supports a carved stone stele, crowned by intertwining hornless dragons. The well-preserved stele is known as the "Shengong Shengde Stele" ({{lang|zh|神功圣德碑}}), i.e., literally, "The Stele of Godly Merit and Saintly Virtue". The inscription of the stele, extolling the merits and virtues of the Hongwu Emperor was written by his fourth son, the Yongle Emperor. The tortoise is {{convert|5.15|m}} long, {{convert|2.54|m}} wide and {{convert|2.8|m}} tall,[http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/xin_wen_zhong_xin/2009-06/10/content_16771522.htm 明代帝陵砖材科技含量高 明十九帝陵图片展筹备] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720032530/http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/xin_wen_zhong_xin/2009-06/10/content_16771522.htm |date=2011-07-20 }} (High-tech bricks of Ming imperial mausolea: preparing for an exhibition of images of the 19 Ming imperial tombs) Xinhua, 2009-06-10. (Source for sizes)
the stele stands {{convert|8.78|m}} tall (including the tortoise)[http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/cyjl/jltj/200911/t20091101_282136.htm 明孝陵景区] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107041236/http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/cyjl/jltj/200911/t20091101_282136.htm |date=2010-01-07 }} (MIng Xiaoling Scenic Area); at the Nanjing city Government site. {{in lang|zh}} and is one of the best-known examples of its genre.
It is thought that originally the Yongle Emperor planned to install a much bigger stele here. The work on making it was started in the Yangshan Quarry (some {{convert|10|km}} east of the mausoleum) in 1405, but the unfinished stele was abandoned in the quarry, as it was realized that it would not be possible to move it.{{harvnb|Yang|Lu|2001|pp=616–617}}
Unlike the similar pavilion at the Ming Tombs near Beijing, Nanjing's Sifangcheng roof was once destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion and left unbuilt until 2006. Recently, Chinese engineers have conducted research in regard to the possibility of restoring the roof, which was then eventually restored in between 2007-2009.{{citation
|first1=Baoang |last1=Mu
|first2=Yan |last2=Wang
|first3=Xiaohua |last3=Yang
|year=2010
|title=The Feasibility Study on Adding Roof in Square City of the Ming Tomb
|url=http://www.scientific.net/AMR.163-167.2618
|journal=Advanced Materials Research
|volume=163–167
|pages=2618–2624
|doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.163-167.2618
|s2cid=111276325
}}
File:MingXiaoling ZLTS01 rotated.jpg’s stele of homage to his Ming predecessor of 300 years before]]
=The Sacred Way=
The Sacred Way is an {{convert|1,800|m|adj=on}}-long road at the Nanjing city Government site. The winding Sacred Way (Shendao) starts near the Sifangcheng pavilion. It includes several sections: the Elephant Road and the Wengzhong Road. The Elephant Road is lined by 12 pairs of 6 kinds of animals (lions, xiezhi, camels, elephants,
qilin, and horses), guarding the tomb. Beyond them is a column called huabiao in Chinese. One then continues along the Wengzhong Road. Four pairs of ministers and generals (or warrior guardian figures, Wengzhong) of stone have been standing there for centuries to guard the journey to the afterlife.
=Lingxing Gate=
The Lingxing Gate, a pailou at the end of the Wengzhong Road was destroyed long ago, but rebuilt in 2006.Information plaque at the Lingxing Gate
=The central area=
One enters the central area of the mausoleum complex through the Wen Wu Fang Men (The Gate of the Civil and the Military). On an inscribed stone tablet outside of the gate an official notification of the local government in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) is ordered to protect the tomb. Inside the gate, there is the Tablet Hall (Bei Dian) in which five steles stand. The one in the middle, also mounted on a stone tortoise, is inscribed with four Chinese characters, "治隆唐宋", which were written by the Qing dynasty's Kangxi Emperor on his third inspection tour of the South in 1699. The text is interpreted as alluding to the greatness of the Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang, matching (or surpassing) that of the founders of the Tang and Song Dynasties of old.[http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper447/9409/871387.html 明孝陵两大“碑石之谜”被破解] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018052502/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper447/9409/871387.html |date=2012-10-18 }} (Solving the two great riddles of the Ming Xiaoling's stone tablets). People's Daily, 2003-06-13. Quote regarding the Kangxi's stele text and its meaning: "清朝皇帝躬祀明朝皇帝 ... 御书“治隆唐宋”（意思是赞扬朱元璋的功绩超过了唐太宗李世民、宋高祖赵匡胤）"; regarding the dimensions of the stele and its tortoise "康熙御碑孝陵碑殿中部主碑，是清康熙三十八年（1699年）由康熙皇帝爱新觉罗·玄烨所立，高3.85米，宽1.42米，上阴刻楷书“治隆唐宋”4字，字径0.68米，碑座为石制龟趺，高1.06米。"[http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/china/nanjing/xiaoling-tomb_gallery.php?p=xiaoling-tomb30.jpg Photo and description of the Kangxi's stele]. The inscription is interpreted as "His reign was as glorious as that of the Tang and Song"]
Behind the pavilion, there used to be other annexes; however, most of them have collapsed into relics from which the original splendor can still be traced. The emperor and his queen were buried in a clay tumulus, {{convert|400|m}} in diameter, known as the Lone Dragon Hill (Du Long Fu). A stone wall with a terrace on top, known as Ming Lou (Ming Mansion) or the Soul Tower is half-embedded into the front face of the tumulus. On a stone wall surrounding the vault, 7 Chinese characters were inscribed, identifying the mausoleum of Emperor Ming Taizu (respected title of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang).
The mountain to the south of the tomb, known as Meihua Shan ("Plum Flower Mountain"), is the mausoleum of Sun Quan, King of the Kingdom of Wu in the Three Kingdoms period (220-265). The existence of this tomb is the reason why the Sacred Way is not straight.
Later history
The mausoleum complex suffered damage during the mid-19th century Taiping Civil War, but was partially restored during the Tongzhi era thereafter.
Along with the Ming Tombs north of Beijing, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum of Nanjing was inscribed by UNESCO as part of the World Heritage Sites "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties".
Gallery
File:Ming Xiaoling - entry - P1060376.JPG|Da Jin Men (The Great Golden Gates), the main entrance to the site
File:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Spirit Way.jpg|"Elephant Road" (or Spirit Way)
File:Sifangcheng bixi - left - P1060401.JPG|The Sifangcheng ("Square City") pavilion
File:MingXiaoling Animal Lion01.jpg|A stone lion on the Spirit Way
File:Stone Elephant Road - xiezhi - P1060445.JPG|A xiezhi on the "Elephant Road"
File:Stone Elephant Road - camels - P1060452.JPG|Camels along the "Elephant Road"
File:Stone Elephant Road - elephants - P1060469.JPG|Elephants along the "Elephant Road"
File:Stone Elephant Road - qilin - P1060473.JPG|Qilin along the "Elephant Road"
File:MingXiaoling_Animal_Horse_01.jpg|Horses along the "Elephant Road"
File:MingXiaoling WuJiang.jpg|Statue of a military official on the Spirit Way
File:Wengzhong Road - civil - P1060489.JPG|A civil official on the "Wengzhong Road"
File:Lingxing Gate - P1060494.JPG|Lingxing Gate at the end of the "Wengzhong Road"
File:Wen Wu Fangmen, Ming Xiaoling.jpg|The Wenwu Fangmen gate
File:Ming Xiaoling - Kangxi's turtle - left - P1060508.JPG|The Tablet Hall, with the tortoise left behind by the Kangxi Emperor
File:Xiaoling Hall - inside - P1060528.JPG|Inside the Ting Dian ("Pavilion Hall"), which replaces the old Xiaoling Hall
File:Ming Xiaoling - Nei Hong Men - P1060529.JPG|Nei Hong Men (The Inner Red Gate)
File:Ming Xiaoling - Ming Lou - Soul Tower - P1060545.JPG|The Soul Tower on top of the Ming Lou
File:Ming Xiaoling - Ming Lou - view from the terrace - P1060541.JPG|The wall surrounding the top of the Lone Dragon Hill, seen from the Soul Tower
File:Ming Temples Nanjing Plum Blossom Festival.jpg| The annual plum blossom festival is located on Plum Blossom Hill
File: Ming Xiaoling (Emperor Hongwu Tomb) (10150994034).jpg |The Shenbo Stove ("The Silk Burner")
Mystery of the third tortoise
File:Hong Lou Park - Blank stele bixi - P1060592.JPG
In 1999, another, unfinished, stone tortoise and an unfinished stele lying on the ground were discovered in a ravine just over 100 m to the southeast from the Sifangcheng Pavilion, and even closer to Madame Chiang Kai-Shek's former villa (known as Meiling Gong). The tortoise, larger than those under the Shengde stele and the Kangxi Emperor's steles, and the matching blank stele were recognized by experts as being products of the early Ming, but the reasons for their manufacture and abandonment became subjects for speculation among historians. A number of possible explanations – from faulty material to the overthrow of the Jianwen Emperor by the Yongle Emperor in 1402 – have been advanced.
In the meantime, the tortoise and the blank stele ({{lang|zh|无字碑}}) have been moved to the Red Chamber Culture Park (红楼艺文苑, Honglou Yiwen Yuan), located just east of the Ming Xiaoling complex. The park (which otherwise is a modern Dream-of-the-Red-Chamber-themed landscape and sculpture park) can be visited on the same ticket with the Ming Xiaoling proper.
Notes and references
{{Reflist|2}}
Bibliography
- {{citation|ref=oa|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/china/nanjing/xiaoling-tomb.php |title=Xiaoling Tomb, Nanjing, China}} (Asian Historical Architecture – a Photographic Survey) – includes detailed site map and photos. One of their main sources is: Barry Till, with the assistance of Paula Swart. In Search of Old Nanking. Joint Pub. Co. (Hong Kong Branch). 1982. Hong Kong
- {{citation |script-title=zh:南京明清建筑 (Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing)|last1=Yang|first1=Xinhua (杨新华)|last2= Lu|first2= Haiming (卢海鸣)
|publisher=Nanjing University Press |year=2001
|isbn=7-305-03669-2}}
External links
{{commons category|Ming Xiaoling}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110406023131/http://vr.mingxiaoling.org/ Virtual Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty] – VRML modeling of some artifacts
{{Ming dynasty topics}}
{{Nanjing}}
{{World Heritage Sites in China}}
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Category:Cemeteries in Nanjing
Category:Buildings and structures in Nanjing
Category:Ming dynasty architecture
Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Jiangsu