Xicotencatl II

An ethnic Tlaxcaltec, Xicotencatl the Younger was the son of the ruler of Tizatlan, one of the four confederate altepemeh of the Tlaxcallan state, of which he was considered to be the de facto ruler because of his father's weakened health.{{sfnp|Muñoz Camargo|1892|loc=Chapter IX}}{{sfnp|Hassig|2001|p=36}} His Nahuatl name, pronounced {{IPA|nah|ʃiːkoʔˈteːŋkatɬ|}}, is sometimes also spelled Xīcohtēncatl and means "person from Xīcotēnco," a place name that can be translated "at the edge of the bumblebees."

He is known primarily as the leader of the force that was dispatched from Tlaxcallan to intercept the forces of Hernán Cortés and his Totonac allies as they entered Tlaxcallan territory when going inland from the Veracruz coast.{{sfnp|Diaz Del Castillo|1963}}{{rp|140–188}} His actions are described in the letters of Cortés, Bernal Díaz del Castillo's Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España and in the histories of Tlaxcala, such as the one by Diego Muñoz Camargo.

Xicotencatl was described by Castillo as,

“…a tall man, broad shouldered, and well built, with a large fresh coloured face, full of scars, as if pitted with the smallpox. He may have been about thirty-five years of age, and was earnest and dignified in his deportment.”{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of the memoirs of the conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo written by himself, containing a true and full account of the discovery and conquest of Mexico and New Spain (vol. 1 of 2). |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32474/32474-h/32474-h.htm |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}

When fighting the Spaniards he used an ambush strategy; he first engaged the enemy with a small force that feigned a retreat, and then lured the Spaniards back to a better fortified position where the main force waited. The Spaniards retreated when too many of their men were killed or wounded, and they sought a peace treaty with the Tlaxcaltecs. Maxixcatzin, the ruler of Ocotelolco, was in favour of allying with the Spaniards, but Xicotencatl II opposed this idea and continued to fight, nearly wiping out the Spanish force. However, in a crucial moment, the soldiers from Ocotelolco retreated from the battlefield following the orders of Maxixcatzin, and Xicotencatl was forced to accept the proposed peace treaty.{{sfnp|Hassig|2001|p=42}}

The Spaniards with the Tlaxcaltec forces marched on Tenochtitlan, where they stayed until the Noche Triste, at which time they were forced to flee the city after an Aztec uprising. The remnants of the Spanish forces made it to Tlaxcala where they once again asked for the assistance of the Tlaxcaltec, and where Xicotencatl II once again spoke against helping them. However, Maxixcatzin's faction was again successful, and the Spaniards stayed in his palace while they regrouped and received reinforcements.

When the final stage of the siege of Tenochtitlan was about to be carried out, Xicotencatl marched on the Aztec capital as the leader of a Tlaxcaltec force,{{sfnp|Diaz Del Castillo|1963}}{{rp|353–355}} attacking from the north and passing by Texcoco. The night before the final march, he was apprehended and accused of treason by Cortés and by the Ocotelolcan warleader Chichimecateuctli, who said that he had tried to flee back to Tlaxcala. He was summarily and discreetly executed by hanging.{{sfnp|Diaz Del Castillo|1963}}{{rp|357–358}}{{sfnp|Hassig|2001}} {{sfnp|Muñoz Camargo|1892|loc=Chapter IX}}

The description of Xicotencatl has been subject to changing attitudes in the understanding of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. In the early period he was seen mostly as a traitor who tried to halt the arrival of the Spanish "liberation" of the Indians from Aztec dominance.{{efn|See for example the description in chapter IX of the Historia de Tlaxcala by Muñoz Camargo}} Later he was romantically construed as an indigenous hero who valiantly opposed the onslaught of the Spanish.{{sfnp|Hassig|2001|p=29}}

Ethnohistorian Ross Hassig assessed his actions in terms of Tlaxcaltec politics, and he proposed that Xicotencatl was mostly acting to further the political interests of his own polity, that of Tizatlan, over the opposing faction of Ocotelolco. The charge of treason lodged against him and his subsequent execution were, in this view, the logical result of the Ocotelolcans finally achieving the upper hand.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

• Xicotencatl the Elder

{{reflist}}

{{notelist}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite book|title=The Conquest of New Spain|last1= Diaz Del Castillo|first1=Bernal|edition=2|publisher=Pneguin Books|date=1963|isbn=9780140441239}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Hassig|first1=Ross|author-link=Ross Hassig | date=January 2001 |title=Xicotencatl: rethinking an indigenous Mexican hero |url=http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ecn/ecnahuatl32/ECN03204.pdf |format=PDF online reproduction |journal=Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl |location=México, D.F. |publisher=Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas—Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |volume=32 |pages=29–49|issn=0071-1675 |oclc=1568281}}
• {{cite book |last1=Muñoz Camargo|first1=Diego|author-link=Diego Muñoz Camargo |date=1892 |orig-year=1585 |title=Historia de Tlaxcala |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/44657226344423515031913/index.htm |others=published and annotated by Alfredo Chavero, Mexico.}}

{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xicotencatl 02}}

Category:15th-century births

Category:1521 deaths

Category:Tlaxcaltec nobility

Category:Spanish Indian auxiliaries

{{Mexico-bio-stub}}