Xie Xuehong

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific_prefix =

| name = Xie Xuehong

| native_name = {{no bold|謝雪紅}}

| native_name_lang =

| honorific_suffix =

| image = 1952谢雪红.jpg

| alt =

| caption = Xie in 1952

| order =

| office = Chair of the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League

| term_start = 1949

| term_end = 1958

| predecessor = Position established

| successor = Cai Xiao (1979)

| party = Taiwanese Communist Party (1928–1931)
Chinese Communist Party (1948–1958)
Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (1947–1958)

| otherparty = Taiwanese People's Party (1928–1931)

| birth_place = Shōka town, Shōka district, Taichū Prefecture, Japanese Taiwan (today Changhua City, Taiwan)

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1901|10|17}}

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1970|11|5|1901|10|17}}

| death_place = Beijing, China

| birth_name = Xie Anü

| citizenship = Empire of Japan (1901–1945)
Republic of China (1945–1949)
People's Republic of China (after 1949)

| education = Shanghai University

}}

{{Infobox Chinese

| title = Xie Xuehong

| t = 謝雪紅

| s = 谢雪红

| p = Xiè Xuěhóng

| altname = Birth name

| t2 = 謝阿女

| s2 = 谢阿女

| p2 = Xiè Ānǚ

}}

Xie Xuehong ({{zh|t=謝雪紅}}; 17 October 1901 – 5 November 1970), born Xie Anü ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|謝阿女}}), was a Taiwanese revolutionary and politician. A women's rights activist, she co-founded the Taiwanese Communist Party, active in Japanese Taiwan. Persecuted by the Kuomintang after its forces retreated to Taiwan, she escaped to China, where she became a member of the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League and the Chinese Communist Party.

Biography

Xie was born in Changhua County in 1901 to a working-class family, the fourth of seven children.{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Lily Xiao Hong|title=中國婦女傳記詞典: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000|date=2003|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=9780765607980|page=591|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC&q=Xie+Xuehong&pg=PA591}} She assumed at least five other names throughout her lifetime. At the age of twelve, she moved in with another family. Her adoptive family was abusive, and, instead of entering an arranged marriage with their son, Hong Xinhu, she left their home. Xie met and married Zhang Shumin in 1918. For a time, the couple lived in Kobe, Japan, where the Taishō period of democracy heavily influenced Xie. Soon after Xie and Zhang moved to China, the couple split, as Xie had discovered that Zhang was still married to another woman. Xie then began to give sewing lessons, while also making and selling clothes. The May Fourth Movement was a political turning point for Xie, and she later joined Chiang Wei-shui's resistance against Japanese rule. Xie studied sociology at Shanghai University and took part in the May Thirtieth Movement of 1925, the same year she was told to join the Chinese Communist Party.{{cite journal |last1=Chiou |first1=C. L. |title=The uprising of 28 February 1947 on Taiwan: The official 1992 investigation report |journal=China Information |date=1 March 1993 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1177/0920203X9300700401|s2cid=220850755 }} Xie then moved to Moscow for further education at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, which she attended for two years. In November 1927, she returned to China and began taking actions that led to the founding of the Taiwanese Communist Party (TCP) in 1928. At the direction of Sen Katayama, cofounder of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), Xie and {{ill|Lin Mu-shun|zh|林木順}} began recruiting for what would become the TCP in Shanghai. Both traveled to Japan to seek help from the JCP on a draft of a party charter, which was smuggled by Xie past Japanese authorities in Shanghai upon her return to China in February 1928. The TCP's charter was approved by a Chinese Communist Party official using the pseudonym Peng Jung on 13 April 1928, and the Taiwanese Communist Party's founding ceremony was held two days later.{{cite news |author1=Han Cheung |title=Taiwan in Time: The ill-fated Taiwanese leftists |url=https://taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/04/11/2003755460 |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=Taipei Times |date=11 April 2021}}

Xie's ideology spread to Chiang's Taiwanese People's Party and Taiwanese Cultural Association after she took on leadership positions in the two groups. She believed that a maintaining a distinct Taiwanese identity and allowing bourgeoisie to participate would allow communism to flourish in Taiwan. Others disagreed and Xie was expelled from the Taiwanese Communist Party in 1931. Later that year, she was arrested and sentenced to 13 years imprisonment for advocating communism. In 1939, Xie was released after catching tuberculosis.{{multiref2|{{cite book|last1=Chen|first1=Ya-chen|title=(En)Gendering Taiwan |chapter=Taiwanese Communist Feminist, Xie Xuehong: Li Ang's Literary Portrait of Xie Xuehong's Pre-1949 Feminist Activism in Taiwan |date=2018|pages=25–52|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-63219-3_3|isbn=978-3-319-63217-9}}|Originally published as {{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Ya-chen|title=Taiwanese Communist Feminist, Xie Xuehong: Li Ang's Literary Portrait of Xie Xuehong's Pre-1949 Feminist Activism in Taiwan |journal=American Journal of Chinese Studies|url=http://web.mit.edu/ccw/li-ang/li-files/chen-article.pdf|date=October 2012|volume=19|issue=2|jstor=44288990|pages=119–126}}}}{{cite news|author1=Han Cheung|title=Taiwan in Time: A leftist under three regimes|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2016/10/02/2003656341|access-date=2 October 2016|work=Taipei Times|date=2 October 2016}}

Xie returned to political activism in 1945, when Kuomintang forces arrived in Taiwan, stating that "Taiwan must be ruled by Taiwanese." In September 1946, Xie established the Taiwan People’s Association, which was disestablished by the Kuomintang government in January 1947. In 1947, she convened the 27 Brigade and was involved in the February 28 incident from her home base in Taichung, telling the masses not to damage property or injure anyone. Three weeks later, she escaped to Hong Kong, where she founded the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League,{{cite book |editor1-link=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Nancy Bernkopf |title=Dangerous Strait: The U.S.--Taiwan—China Crisis |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM0zCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |isbn=9780231135658}}{{cite book |last1=Rubinstein |first1=Murray A. |title=Taiwan: A New History |date=2007 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765614940 |page=317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHqMJSM6dAYC&pg=PA317}}{{cite book |last1=Katsiaficas |first1=George N. |title=Asia's Unknown Uprisings, Volume 2: People power in the Philippines, Burma, Tibet, China, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, and Indonesia, 1947–2009|date=2013 |publisher=PM Press |isbn=9781604868562 |pages=255–256 |url=https://archive.org/details/Asias_unknown_uprisings_V2_9781604868562/page/n255/mode/1up |url-access= registration}} and later moved to Xiamen. Under Xie's leadership, the league opposed the aims of the Formosan League for Reemancipation, which backed formal independence or trusteeship. At its founding, Taimeng backed liberation of Taiwan from the control of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang.{{cite news |author1=Han Cheung |title=Taiwan in Time: The Taiwanese who hoped to 'liberate' Taiwan |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/11/10/2003725570 |access-date=9 November 2019 |work=Taipei Times |date=10 November 2019}} In China, Xie was active in the China Youth League and served on the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. However, Xie continued to push for Taiwan's right to self-determination, views for which the Chinese Communist Party targeted her during the Anti-Rightist Campaign; she was accused of being a "Taiwan independence [supporter]" and "local ethnic nationalist".{{cite book |title=帝塚山大学教養学部紀要: Issues 30-31 |publisher=帝塚山大学教養学部 |year=1992 }}

Actions taken against Xie included her removal as leader of Taimeng, her expulsion from the CCP and removal from the National People's Congress, all in 1958.{{cite news |title=News from the mainland |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/print.php?unit=4&post=6018 |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=Free China Review |date=1 February 1958}}{{cite news |title=News from the mainland |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=12,12,29,33,33,45&post=23194 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=Free China Review |date=1 March 1958}} Xie died in Beijing in 1970, while facing criticism during the Cultural Revolution. She was posthumously rehabilitated by the Chinese Communist Party in 1986.{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|title=China tries to reclaim Taiwan political heroine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTP212737|access-date=2 October 2016|work=Reuters|date=27 February 2007}}{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Lily Xiao Hong|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 2: Twentieth Century|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315499239|pages=648–649|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT648}}