Xokleng language
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua xoclengue|date=May 2022}}
{{Short description|Macro-Jê language spoken in Brazil}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Xokleng
| nativename = {{lang|xok|šokléng}}
| states = Brazil
| region = Santa Catarina
| ethnicity = Xokleng
| speakers = 760
| date = 1998
| ref = e18
| familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white
| fam1 = Macro-Jê
| fam2 = Jê
| fam3 = Jê of Paraná
| fam4 = Southern Jê
| iso3 = xok
| glotto = xokl1240
| glottorefname = Xokleng
}}
Xokleng or Laklãnõ is a Southern Jê language (Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Xokleng people of Brazil. It is closely related to Kaingang.
Names
Alternate names are Socré, Chocré, Xocren, Bugre, Botocudo, Aweicoma, Cauuba, Caahans, Caagua, Caaigua.{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |authorlink=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}
Phonology
= Vowels =
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! rowspan="2" |Dental ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Glottal |
| plain
!lab. |
|---|
| Nasal
|m ~ ᵐb | |n ~ ⁿd |ɲ |ŋ ~ ᵑɡ |ŋʷ ~ ᵑɡʷ | |
| Stop
|p | |t | |k |kʷ |ʔ |
| Affricate
| | | |t͡ʃ | | | |
| Fricative
| rowspan="2" |v ~ w |ð | | | | |h |
| Approximant
| | |j | | | |
| Lateral
| | |l | | | | |
- Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ/ are heard as prenasalized voiced-stops [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ, ᵑɡʷ] when preceding oral vowel sounds and heard as nasal sounds [m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ] when preceding nasal vowels, or in nasal positions.
- /v/ can have an allophone of [w] in free variation, and can be heard as a nasal [ɱ] when preceding a nasal vowel or consonant sound.
- /ð/ may have an allophone of [θ] when following /k/, and as [z] in free variation in word-initial positions.
- /j/ is heard with an allophone of [d͡ʒ] when in nasal positions, or when preceding or following other palatal sounds.
- /l/ may be nasalized as [l̃] when in nasal positions.{{Cite book |last=Gakrán |first=Nanblá |title=Elementos Fundamentais da Gramática Laklanõ |publisher=Universidade Estadual de Campinas |year=2015}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/search/ailla:119508?type=dismax Collections in the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America]
{{Macro-Jê languages}}
{{Macro-Jê-lang-stub}}