Yūzen

There are several subtypes of {{transl|ja|yūzen}} technique.

The first is {{transl|ja|itome-yūzen}}, sometimes also called {{transl|ja|hon-yūzen}}. First, a sketch is drawn freehand on the cloth or paper, using a black heat-labile ink made from dayflowers. A paste of rice powder, rice paste, rice bran and lime (called {{transl|ja|nori}}) is then piped from a cone, following the outline. These ridges of paste are called {{transl|ja|itome}}. A bean-based liquid called {{transl|ja|gojiru}} is then applied as a mordant, to make the dyes penetrate better. The dye-application stage is called {{transl|ja|irosashi}}. Dye is painted on using a brush. The ridges of paste separate the areas of dye, rather like cloissoné enamel. Within an area of dye, the brush can be used to apply ombré gradients ({{transl|ja|bokashi-zome}}, "ombré-dyeing").{{cn|date=August 2021}} {{transl|ja|Mushi}}, a step where the fabric is steamed at {{convert|80|C|F}} for around 20–40 minutes, may be applied at this stage to set the colours, or steaming may be omitted until after the background is dyed. The background is dyed by covering all of the already-dyed areas with additional resist pastes, then applying the background dye either with a brush ({{transl|ja|hiki-zome}}), or by dipping the fabric in a vat of dye ({{transl|ja|ji-zome}}), sometimes with additional {{transl|ja|shibori}} (tie-dye) patterning. The {{transl|ja|yūzen-nagashi}} step washes the paste out of the fabric; this is now done in a specialized sink rather than a clear stream. The cloth may then be steamed again to adjust its dimensions, and other forms of decoration, such as embroidery, could be applied.

In the 1870s, the {{transl|ja|utsushi-yūzen}} technique was developed. It used synthetic aniline dyes, newly-introduced to Japan, and mixed them with the {{transl|ja|nori}} resist-paste. When the cloth was steamed, the dyes would penetrate the cloth, while the paste remained on the surface. The {{transl|ja|nori}} thus acted as both a dye and a resist against the other dyes. Stencils were extensively used. In 1879, this technique was used to dye a wool cloth called {{transl|ja|mosurin}}, producing {{transl|ja|mosurin-yuzen}} (wool was a new import to Japan at the time).{{cn|date=August 2021}} Adapting the technique to silk took more time; Hirose Jisuke of Kyoto is credited for developing the {{transl|ja|kata-yūzen}} technique.

In 1881, improvements in the dye-paste and steaming techniques made it possible to dye the background using paste ({{transl|ja|shigoki}}), often using brighter colours than traditional techniques. Instead of scrolling the cloth past an artist who decorated part of it at a time, the whole length was spread on a board. All of the coloured pastes were applied through stencils with a spatula, and a different stencil was used for each colour (rather like Japanese woodblock printing). Brushwork through stencils was used only for creating gradients. A stencil for undyed paste was used to create skiamorphic white outlines between the areas of colour, making the finished {{transl|ja|kata-yūzen}} pattern resemble {{transl|ja|itome-yūzen}}.

The Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris introduced {{transl|fr|Art Nouveau}} (a Western art movement heavily influenced by Japanese art){{cn|date=August 2021}} to Japanese artists. In the early 20th century, {{transl|ja|yūzen}} developed new designs inspired by {{transl|fr|Art Nouveau}}.

Though similar in appearance to {{transl|ja|tsutsugaki, yūzen}} differs in application, with {{transl|ja|tsutsugaki}} pieces generally using one application of rice paste before dyeing, typically in an indigo dyebath, resulting in a characteristic blue-and-white end result. In contrast, {{transl|ja|yūzen}} can feature a number of repeated applications of rice paste, with dye hand painted into certain areas before the resist is removed.

{{transl|ja|Yūzen}} continues to be a popular decoration technique for kimono and {{transl|ja|obi}}, typically used for more formal outfits, and commonly seen on kimono such as {{transl|ja|kurotomesode}}. Unlike other kimono dyeing techniques such as {{transl|ja|tsujigahana}}, {{transl|ja|yūzen}} has never fallen out of fashion or been forgotten as a textile decoration technique. Dyers such as Moriguchi Kako of Kyoto continue to create {{transl|ja|yūzen}} dyed kimono, which were so sought after that the contemporary fashion industry designed an industrial method to copy them for use on Western style clothing. Famous designers, such as Hanae Mori, borrowed extensively from kimono patterns for their couturier collections. By the late 1980s, a new handwoven and hand-dyed kimono had become extremely costly, running to US$25,000 for a formal garment.

In Okinawa, {{transl|ja|yūzen}} techniques have also been used to produce the stencil dyed {{transl|ja|bingata}} fabric native to that region, producing brightly-coloured textiles considered to be artistic national treasures.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

{{transl|ja|Birodo yūzen}}, or {{transl|ja|yūzen birodo}}, is a {{transl|ja|yūzen}} technique where velvet is dyed and painted with the {{transl|ja|yūzen}} technique, after which the pile is cut away carefully in certain places, creating a painterly effect of light and shade.{{cite web|url=http://www.bmimages.com/resultsframe.asp?image=00019032003|title=Takeuchi Seiho (after), Moon over Venice, a textile wall hanging|website=British Museum|access-date=24 August 2012}} The technique first appeared in the 19th century and was described in 1905 by Basil Hall Chamberlain.{{cite book|last=Chamberlain|first=Basil Hall|title=Things Japanese : being notes on various subjects connected with Japan for the use of travellers and others|date=1905|publisher=J. Murray, London (republished by Echo Press, 2009)|isbn=9781848301818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEreXqAUAdIC&q=birodo+yūzen&pg=PA136}} Although technically a form of velvet painting, {{transl|ja|birodo yūzen}} works are not comparable to Western and Middle Eastern velvet paintings, which utilise velvet as a canvas.

• {{transl|ja|Rōketsuzome}}, a traditional Japanese wax resist dye technique
• {{transl|ja|Katazome}}, a traditional stencil resist dye technique
• {{transl|ja|Tsutsugaki}}, a hand applied dye resist technique similar to {{transl|ja|yūzen}}

{{Reflist|

{{cite web |last1=Okamura |first1=Mayumi |title=yūzen |url=http://project-japan.jp/yūzen/ |website=project-japan.jp |publisher=Project Japan |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=en |date=10 January 2014}}

{{cite web|last1=Fukatsu-Fukuoka |first1=Yuko |title=The Evolution of yūzen-dyeing Techniques and Designs after the Meiji Restoration |date=2004 |issue=475 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474&context=tsaconf |series=Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings |publisher=University of Nebraska - Lincoln |language=en}}

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• {{cite web |last1=Okamura |first1=Mayumi |title=yūzen |url=http://project-japan.jp/yūzen/ |website=project-japan.jp |publisher=Project Japan |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=ja |date=10 January 2014}}
• {{cite web|last1=Fukatsu-Fukuoka |first1=Yuko |title=The Evolution of yūzen-dyeing Techniques and Designs after the Meiji Restoration |date=2004 |issue=475 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474&context=tsaconf |series=Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings |publisher=University of Nebraska - Lincoln |language=en}}

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Category:Japanese art terminology

Category:Japanese dyeing techniques

Category:Japanese words and phrases