Yakima Fold Belt

{{Infobox landform

| name = Yakima Fold Belt

| other_name = Yakima fold-and-thrust belt

| map = Washington | relief = yes

| map_caption =

| mark = City locator 17.svg

| location = South-western part of Columbia Basin (Yakima, Kittitas, Klickitat, Benton, and Grant counties)

| coordinates = {{coord|46.4|N|120.5|W|type:landmark_region:US-WA|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| area =

| type = Fold and thrust belt

}}

The Yakima Fold Belt of south-central Washington, also called the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt, is an area of topographical folds (or wrinkles) raised by tectonic compression. It is a {{convert|14000|km2|adj=on|abbr=on}} structural-tectonic sub province of the western Columbia Plateau Province{{sfn|Barnett|Sherrod|Norris|Gibbons|2013}}{{sfn|Lidke|2002}}{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003}} resulting from complex and poorly understood regional tectonics. The folds are associated with geological faults whose seismic risk is of particular concern to the nuclear facilities at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation (immediately northwest of the Tri-Cities) and major dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers.{{sfn|Pratt|2012}}

Location and extent

Image:Yakima Fold Belt map.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.34|Shaded-relief map showing ridges of the Yakima Fold Belt of south-central Washington, mostly between Interstate 90 (red line) and the Columbia River (bottom). Red square in center is the city of Yakima, red rectangle at lower right is the Tri-Cities, red circles are various cities, triangles are the Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams volcanoes of the Southern Washington Cascades. Purple dashed line marks the approximate location of the Olympic–Wallowa Lineament (OWL), crossing the Columbia River at the Wallula Gap (lower-right). Orange dashed line is approximate location of edge of the North American craton. The smoothness of the central and eastern areas is due to infilling by volcanic flows of the Columbia River Basalts.

Image size: 641x458 (642x459)
In error messages: imagemap line numbers include comment lines.
This should be line 5.
Areas defined first overlap areas defined later. (??)
Cities and towns:
Localized regions and lakes:

circle 180 16 16 Lake Keechelus

circle 204 24 20 Lake Kachess

circle 224 34 16 Lake Cle Elum

circle 254 56 16 Cle Elum

circle 314 100 16 Ellensburg

circle 434 48 16 Quincy

circle 480 24 16 Ephrata

circle 522 76 20 Moses Lake

circle 506 92 20 Pot Holes Reservoir

circle 538 140 16 Othello

circle 320 200 16 Yakima

circle 324 214 12 Union Gap

circle 570 326 16 Wallula Gap

circle 262 378 16 Goldendale

circle 212 434 16 The Dalles

circle 156 406 16 Hood River

poly 1 30 12 32 12 46 1 46 Tacoma

poly 510 264 558 264 558 292 510 292 Tri-Cities

circle 120 134 22 Mount Rainier

circle 56 294 22 Mount St. Helens

circle 164 288 22 Mount Adams

Dams:

poly 374 14 386 6 394 16 382 24 Rock Island Dam

circle 408 134 16 Wanapum Dam

circle 418 184 16 Priest Rapids Dam

circle 582 278 16 Ice Harbor Dam

circle 502 354 16 McNary Dam

circle 290 402 16 John Day Dam

circle 224 422 16 The Dalles Dam

circle 102 408 16 Bonneville Dam

poly 72 48 140 52 160 90 152 122 142 126 146 108 132 64 88 66 White River

The Folds:

poly 232 30 260 32 292 56 280 64 268 58 235 40 Cle Elum Ridge

poly 238 64 252 60 278 74 274 82 260 74 244 74 South Cle Elum Ridge

poly 224 80 242 82 286 104 306 106 378 144 380 160 298 118 272 118 232 100 Manastash Ridge

poly 282 122 300 124 382 172 422 188 442 190 436 198 420 196 404 192 380 190 314 142 296 140 280 128 Umtanum Ridge

poly 336 92 356 100 374 122 366 126 348 118 Boylston Mountains

poly 382 2 410 2 396 20 Badger Mountain

poly 404 22 422 2 478 2 470 30 406 32 Beezley Hills

poly 364 130 376 126 420 138 470 138 520 146 548 166 540 178 514 160 418 156 392 148 Saddle Mountains

poly 380 100 406 92 512 106 526 112 516 120 386 110 Frenchman Hills

poly 470 184 494 188 502 206 594 208 472 198 Gable Mountain

poly 250 124 266 126 284 148 290 158 278 158 254 142 Cleman Mountain

poly 322 182 344 178 380 192 404 194 452 212 446 222 416 210 382 216 336 200 Yakima Ridge

poly 210 166 352 150 268 162 246 176 226 174 Bethel Ridge

poly 252 194 272 182 310 190 306 198 276 196 360 204 Cowiche Mountain

poly 218 222 248 204 254 208 246 214 224 230 #Sedge Ridge

poly 226 232 258 208 320 208 298 228 260 224 230 240 Ahtanum Ridge

poly 232 210 248 208 380 220 412 216 446 230 464 230 480 256 436 274 334 218 Rattlesnake Hills

poly 198 290 310 260 368 258 366 268 296 294 198 300 Toppenish Ridge

poly 370 254 398 262 390 268 Snipes Mountain

poly 314 324 394 306 474 274 515 309 546 310 552 320 542 326 496 320 468 304 402 328 330 330 Horse Heaven Hills

circle 266 336 22 #Simcoe Mountain

poly 300 334 352 334 344 346 294 348 #Bickleton Ridge

poly 204 402 300 380 332 386 330 396 300 392 258 416 208 416 Columbia Hills (Washington)

poly 448 352 466 338 512 330 510 346 470 350 454 356 #Paterson Ridge

circle 492 266 16 #Red Mountain

Broader regions:

poly 72 1 186 1 640 336 640 386 418 212 316 190 Olympic–Wallowa Lineament

poly 510 109 528 100 612 334 594 334 #craton edge

poly 296 2 322 2 380 52 392 188 376 182 366 98 356 60 304 24 #Naneum-Hog Ranch Anticline

The topographical distinctness of the Yakima Folds (see the shaded-relief image) is due to their formation in a layer of lava flows and sedimentary deposits that have filled-in and generally smoothed the topographic surface of a large area of the Columbia Basin. The extent of these lava flows was limited to the west and north by the rising Cascade Mountains and the Wenatchee Mountains. The lava flows extend east well beyond this image, but the Yakima Folds do not. The northernmost fold seen hereSome researchers include structures north of this image. (Frenchman Hills) ends at the Potholes Reservoir, another (Saddle Mountains) terminates just south of there, near the town of Othello (red circle). South of the Tri-Cities the rampart of the Horse Heaven Hills extends for a short distance past the Columbia River. The ends of these ridges mark the edge of a block of continental crust (part of the North American craton, indicated by the dashed orange line) that has resisted the tectonic compression that formed the ridges.

The southernmost ridge of the Yakima Fold Belt is the Columbia Hills on the north side of the Columbia River. The pattern of folding continues with the Dalles-Umatilla Syncline just south of the Columbia River, and further into Oregon with the Blue Mountains anticline, which approximately parallels the Klamath-Blue Mountain Lineament that marks the southeastern edge of Siletzia (see geological map, below).

The Yakima Fold Belt is also located on, and the orientation and spacing of some of the Folds influenced by, the Olympic–Wallowa Lineament (OWL), a broad zone of linear topographical features (dashed yellow line) extending from the Olympic Peninsula in northwestern Washington to the Wallowa Mountains in northeastern Oregon.

Geology

Image:Geofeatures-PacificNW.png. BFZ, EDFZ, and MFZ are the Brothers, Eugene-Denio, and McLaughlin fault zones.]]

It is the central portion of the Olympic–Wallowa Lineament, referred to as the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed zone (CLEW),{{sfn|Reidel|Fecht|Hagood|Tolan|1989|p=248|ps= "The central part of ... [the] Olympic–Wallowa Lineament (OWL) passes through the central Yakima fold belt. This segment of the OWL is referred to as the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed zone (CLEW)..."}} constising of a series of generally east-trending narrow asymmetrical anticlinal ridges and broad synclinal valleys formed by folding of Miocene Columbia River basalt flows and sediments.{{sfn|Reidel|Fecht|Hagood|Tolan|1989}}{{sfn|Lidke|2002}} In most parts of the belt the folds have a north vergence (Columbia Hills' south vergence is an exception) with the steep limb typically faulted by imbricate thrust faults.{{sfn|Lidke|2002}}{{sfn|Reidel|2004|p=9}} Fold lengths range from 1 km to 100 km with wavelengths from several kilometers to 20 km.{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=91}}

A graben underlies nearly the entire Yakima Fold Belt and has been subsiding since Eocene time, and continues to sink at a slow rate.{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=95}}

A 2011 report found aeromagnetic, gravity, and paleoseismic evidence that the Yakima Fold Belt is linked to active Puget Sound faults.{{sfn|Blakely|Sherrod|Weaver|Wells|2011}}

Geodesy

Geodetic studies of the Oregon Rotation show that Oregon is rotating about a point somewhat south of Lewiston, Idaho compressing the Yakima fold an average of 3 millimeters per year, and the Washington Pacific coast about 7 millimeters per year.{{sfn|Wells|Blakely|Sherrod|Weaver|2009|ps= "...folding in the embayment is driven by the clockwise rotation of Oregon about a pole near the OR-WA-ID border, compressing Washington against slow-moving Canada. The folds fan westward from this pole of rotation, and shortening increases to the west to about 7.1 mm/yr between Astoria and Penticton, BC. Shortening across the YFB is about 3 mm/yr and decreases eastward to the Idaho border."}}

Studies of the motion of the Yakima Fold Belt have been undertaken to evaluate seismic hazards at the Hanford Site.{{sfn|Last|Winsor|Unwin|2012}}

Notes and sources

=Notes=

=Sources=

{{Citation

|year= 2013

|last1= Barnett |first1= Elizabeth A.

|last2= Sherrod |first2= Brian L.

|last3= Norris |first3= Robert

|last4= Gibbons |first4= Douglas

|title= Paleoseismology of a newly discovered scarp in the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt, Kittitas County, Washington

|journal= United States Geological Survey

|volume= Scientific Investigations Map 3212

|url= https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim3212

}}

{{Citation

|first1= W. |last1= Barrash

|first2= J. |last2= Bond

|first3= R. |last3= Venkatakrishnan

|date= November 1983

|title= Structural evolution of the Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon

|journal= American Journal of Science

|volume= 283 |issue= 9 |pages= 897–935 |doi=10.2475/ajs.283.9.897

|doi-access= free}}

{{Citation

|date= July 28, 2011

|last1= Blakely |first1= Richard J.

|last2= Sherrod |first2= Brian L.

|last3= Weaver |first3= Craig S.

|last4= Wells |first4= Ray E.

|last5= Rohay |first5= Alan C.

|last6= Barnett |first6= Elizabeth A.

|last7= Knepprath |first7= Nichole E.

|title= Connecting the Yakima fold and thrust belt to active faults in the Puget Lowland, Washington

|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

|volume= 116 |issue= B7

|doi= 10.1029/2010JB008091 |bibcode= 2011JGRB..116.7105B

|doi-access= free

}}

{{Citation

|date= August 1, 2012

|last1= Last |first1= George V.

|last2= Winsor |first2= Kelsey

|last3= Unwin |first3= Stephen D.

|title= A Summary of Information on the Behavior of the Yakima Fold Belt as a Structural Entity — Topical Report

|at= PNNL-17471 830403000

|publisher= United States Department of Energy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

|doi= 10.2172/1053763 |osti= 1053763

|doi-access= free

}}

{{Citation

|last1= Lidke |first1= D.J., compiler

|year= 2002

|title= Fault number 562b, Saddle Mountains structures, folds and other faults of the Saddle Mountains

|work= Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey website

|publisher= United States Geological Survey

|url= http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults

|access-date= 2014-08-19

}}

{{Citation

|year= 2009

|first= Kevin R. |last= Pogue

|author-link= Kevin Pogue

|contribution= Folds, floods and fine wine: Geologic influences on the terroir of the Columbia Basin

|title= Volcanoes to Vineyards: Geologic Field Trips Through the Dynamic Landscape of the Pacific Northwest (Volume 15 of Geological Society of America Field Guide)

|editor-first1= Jim E. |editor-last1= O'Connor

|editor-first2= Rebecca J. |editor-last2= Dorsey

|editor-first3= Ian |editor-last3= Madin

|publisher= Geological Society of America

|isbn= 9780813700151

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy9ErSxZFhQC&pg=PA1

}}

{{Citation

|date= November 2012

|first1= Thomas L. |last1= Pratt

|title= Large-scale splay faults on a strike-slip fault system: The Yakima Folds, Washington State

|journal= Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

|volume= 13 |issue= 11

|doi= 10.1029/2012GC004405

|doi-access= free

}}

{{Citation

|year= 1989

|last1= Reidel |first1= Stephen P.

|last2= Fecht |first2= Karl R.

|last3= Hagood |first3= Michael C.

|last4= Tolan |first4= Terry L.

|contribution= The Geologic Evolution of the Central Columbia Plateau

|title= Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province

|editor1-last= Reidel |editor1-first= S. P.

|editor2-last= Hooper |editor2-first= P. R.

|publisher= Geological Society of America

|volume= Special Paper 239

|pages= 247–264

|doi= 10.1130/SPE239-p247

|isbn= 9780813722399

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ODVkniB3e7AC&pg=PA247

}}

{{Citation

|year= 2003

|last1= Reidel |first1= Stephen P.

|last2= Martin |first2= Barton S.

|last3= Petcovic |first3= Heather L.

|contribution= The Columbia River flood basalts and the Yakima fold belt

|title= Western Cordillera and Adjacent Areas: Volume 4 of Geological Society of America Field Guide

|editor1-first= Terry W. |editor1-last= Swanson

|publisher= Geological Society of America

|isbn= 9780813700045

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JpO0Gq0mdkQC&pg=PA91

|page=91

}}

{{Citation

|year= 2004

|title= Northwest Geological Society Field Trips in Pacific Northwest Geology: The Geologic Development of the Pasco Basin, South-Central Washington

|first= Stephen P. |last= Reidel

|publisher= Northwest Geological Society

|url= http://www.nwgs.org/field_trip_guides/18.%20pasco%20basin.pdf

}}

{{Citation

|first1= Thomas R. |last1= Watters

|date= 1989

|contribution= Periodically spaced anticlines of the Columbia Plateau

|title= Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province

|editor1-last= Reidel |editor1-first= S. P.

|editor2-last= Hooper |editor2-first= P. R.

|publisher= Geological Society of America

|volume= Special Paper 239

|pages= 283–292

|doi= 10.1130/SPE239-p283

}}

{{Citation

|year= 2009

|last1= Wells |first1= Ray E.

|last2= Blakely |first2= Richard J.

|last3= Sherrod |first3= Brian L.

|last4= Weaver |first4= Craig S.

|contribution= The Yakima Fold and Thrust Belt - a paradigm for active shortening in the Columbia embayment from Pasco to the Pacific Ocean

|publisher= American Geophysical Union

|title= American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting

|volume= 2009 |id= abstract S41F-01

|bibcode= 2009AGUFM.S41F..01W

}}

Yakima Fold Belt

Location and extent

Geology

Geodesy

See also

Notes and sources

=Notes=

=Sources=

Further reading