Yeast extract#Vitam-R

File:Soup au Pistou.jpg (MSG).]]

Yeast extracts consist of the cell contents of yeast without the cell walls;{{cite book | title=Umami: Unlocking the Secrets of the Fifth Taste | publisher=Columbia University Press | series=Arts and Traditions of the Table: Perspe | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-231-16890-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_U0ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 | access-date=27 September 2018 | page=172}} they are used as food additives or flavorings, or as nutrients for bacterial culture media. They are often used to create savoury flavors and umami taste sensations{{cite book | last1=Baines | first1=D. | last2=Seal | first2=R. | title=Natural Food Additives, Ingredients and Flavourings | publisher=Elsevier Science | series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-85709-572-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX5wAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 | access-date=27 September 2018 | page=296}} and can be found in a large variety of packaged foods{{cite news | last=Costello | first=Rose | title=Do you really know what exactly is in your frozen chips? | newspaper=The Irish Times | date=21 March 2013 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/do-you-really-know-what-exactly-is-in-your-frozen-chips-1.3441891 | access-date=27 September 2018}} including frozen meals, crackers, snack foods, gravy, stock and more. They are rich in B vitamins (but not B12). Yeast extracts and fermented foods contain glutamic acid (free glutamates), an amino acid which adds an umami flavor. Glutamic acid is found in meat, cheese, fungi (mushrooms and yeast) and vegetables—such as broccoli and tomatoes.{{Cite web|url=https://whyfoodworks.com/2016/02/07/your-guide-to-glutamate-vegan-queso-salsa-dip/|title=Your guide to glutamate (+vegan queso salsa dip)|website=WhyFoodWorks|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-15|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709185020/https://whyfoodworks.com/2016/02/07/your-guide-to-glutamate-vegan-queso-salsa-dip/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2005/jul/10/foodanddrink.features3|title=If MSG is so bad for you, why doesn't everyone in Asia have a headache?|last=Renton|first=Alex|date=2005-07-10|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-06}} A number of other substances found in yeast extract provide aromas, some meat-like, when allowed to react under heat.{{cite journal |last1=Kale |first1=Prajyoti |last2=Mishra |first2=Anusha |last3=Annapure |first3=Uday S. |title=Development of vegan meat flavour: A review on sources and techniques |journal=Future Foods |date=June 2022 |volume=5 |pages=100149 |doi=10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100149|doi-access=free }}

The heat-autolytic process to make yeast extract of the autolysate type was invented in the 19th century by Justus von Liebig.{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/8922483/Marmite-profile-of-a-yeast-based-spread.html|title = Marmite: Profile of a yeast-based spread}} Yeast cells are heated until they rupture, then the cells' own digestive enzymes break their proteins down into simpler compounds (amino acids and peptides), a process called autolysis.{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/msg-goes-by-many-different-names-2016-1|title=Here's how food companies sneak MSG into foods|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-04-05}} The insoluble cell walls are then separated by centrifuge, filtered, and usually spray-dried.George A. Burdock, Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives 3:2972, CRC Press, 1997, {{isbn|0849394147}} This is the process used for Vegemite, Marmite, and the like.

Yeast extracts in liquid form can be dried to a light paste or a dry powder. This is not the same as nutritional yeast, which are made from intact cells not directly hydrolyzed and consequently have a lighter flavor.{{Cite news|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/471516-benefits-of-yeast-extract/|title=Benefits of Yeast Extract|last=Bond|first=Owen|work=Livestrong.com|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en-US}}

Production

Yeast extracts in general are produced in three steps: fermentation (growing the yeast), disruption (breaking of the cells), and separation (to keep the soluble part). Although the vast majority of yeast extract spreads are made using von Liebig's traditional approach of heat-autolysis using surplus yeast from beer brewing, other methods do exist for producing specialized types.{{cite conference |last1=Teimouri |first1=Iraj |last2=Ahranjani |first2=Rana Naderi |title=Yeast Extracts: Production, Properties and Application | conference =6th National Conference On Strategic Research in Chemistry And Chemical Engineering With An Emphasis On Indigenous Technology In Iran |date=August 2020 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343682745}}

In terms of fermentation, spent beer yeast is commonly contaminated with the bitter compounds from hops, requiring a "debittering" step to wash out most of this undesired flavor. Yeast from other sources are not affected by this issue.{{cite journal |last1=Nand |first1=K. |title=Debittering of spent brewer's yeast for food purposes |journal=Food/Nahrung |date=1987 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=127–131 |doi=10.1002/food.19870310208}} Spent brewer's yeast is also quite biodiverse, containing yeasts other than traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae and sometimes beer spoilage-causing lactic acid bacteria too.{{cite journal |last1=Jacob |first1=Friedrich Felix |last2=Striegel |first2=Lisa |last3=Rychlik |first3=Michael |last4=Hutzler |first4=Mathias |last5=Methner |first5=Frank-Jürgen |title=Spent Yeast from Brewing Processes: A Biodiverse Starting Material for Yeast Extract Production |journal=Fermentation |date=24 June 2019 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/fermentation5020051|doi-access=free }}

For disruption of the cell, some physical and chemical methods may be used in place of the heat-autolysis process. Doing so may allow specific compounds to be extracted or to produce an extract without the hydrolysis of cell contents (as in autolysis) happening. Autolysis can be assisted with added enzymes; for example, additional nuclease would enhance the release of nucleosides from RNA.{{cite book|isbn=3-13-143462-7|title=Römpp Lexikon Lebensmittelchemie|author=Eisenbrand, Gerhard & Peter Schreier |page=494 f}}

Separation removes insoluble parts, mainly the yeast's cell wall, from the extract. Cell wall is usually sold in two parts: the glucans as "yeast β-glucan" and the mannans further processed into mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS).{{cite journal |last1=Baek |first1=KR |last2=Rani Ramakrishnan |first2=S |last3=Kim |first3=SJ |last4=Seo |first4=SO |title=Yeast cell wall mannan structural features, biological activities, and production strategies. |journal=Heliyon |date=30 March 2024 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e27896 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27896 |doi-access=free |pmid=38524613|pmc=10958358 }} The product is finally concentrated by drying, into a thick paste or a dry powder.

Dietary concerns

Depending on the source, yeast extract may contain gluten. Brewer's yeast are especially likely to contain the protein due to contact with the grains used in brewing. In the case of yeast autolysate however, the yeast proteases are able to degrade most of the gluten. For example, Marmite contains around 30 part per million gluten according to third-party testing, meeting the EU "very low gluten" limit but not the "gluten free" definition. Unilever reports that no cases of gluten-related reactions have been reported for Marmite.{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Tricia |title=Is Marmite Gluten Free? |url=https://www.glutenfreedietitian.com/is-marmite-gluten-free/ |website=Gluten Free Dietitian |date=1 February 2011}}

Yeast extract products derived from plant feedstock are by definition vegan and kosher–pareve, although some consumers prefer extra certification.{{cite news|access-date=4 November 2019|date=1 November 2019|first=Chris|last=Hook|work=7 News|title=Vegemite joins vegan movement with official certification to celebrate World Vegan Day on Friday|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/food/vegemite-joins-vegan-movement-with-official-certification-to-celebrate-world-vegan-day-on-friday-c-534015}} They are also generally considered halal,{{cite news |url=http://www.pressreader.com/australia/sunday-herald-sun/20100124/281586646730725|title=Vege spite spreads|last=Hargreaves|first=Wendy|work=Sunday Herald Sun|date=24 January 2010|access-date=8 August 2013}} despite the concern that the yeast has come into contact with alcohol.

Use in food

Yeast autolysates are the main ingredient in AussieMite, Mightymite, Vegemite, Marmite, New Zealand Marmite, Promite, Cenovis, Vitam-R, Brazilian Cenovit and Maggi seasoning.{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/food/720656/marmite-shortage-yeast-extract-spread-alternatives|title=Having a Marmite CRISIS? Here are the tasty alternatives (and it doesn't involve Bovril)|last=Frawley|first=Francesca|date=2016-10-13|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/91922882/vegemite-marmite-promite--which-is-best|title=Vegemite, Marmite, Promite - which is best?|website=Stuff|date=29 April 2017|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/jan/04/advertising.foodanddrink|title=100 years of Marmite|last=Barton|first=Laura|date=2002-01-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05}} Bovril (Ireland and the United Kingdom) switched from beef extract to yeast extract for 2005 and most of 2006, but later switched back.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/19/foodanddrink|title=Bovril drops the beef to go vegetarian|last=Wainwright|first=Martin|date=2004-11-19|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05}}

Yeast extract is used as a flavoring in foods. It is a common ingredient in American barbecue-flavored potato chips such as Lay's.{{cite web |title=Lay's Barbecue Flavor Potato Chips Ingredients |url=https://www.fritolay.com/snacks/product-page/lays/lays-barbecue-flavored-potato-chips |access-date=7 June 2018}} It is also widely used in soup bases.

=Marmite=

File:Marmite.jpg

Marmite ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|m|aɪ|t}} {{respell|MAR|myte}}) is a British food spread produced by Unilever. Marmite has been produced since 1902. It is a sticky, dark brown food paste with a distinctive, powerful flavour, which is extremely salty. This distinctive taste is represented in the marketing slogan: "Love it or hate it." Such is its prominence in British popular culture that the product's name is often used as a metaphor for something that is an acquired taste or tends to polarise opinions.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2010/apr/22/marmite-journalism-mind-your-language |title=How Marmite spread its way through journalism |first=Amelia |last=Hodsdon |date=22 April 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 June 2014}}{{cite news |title=Marmite: Americans wonder what's all the fuss over divisive British spread? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/oct/13/what-is-marmite-british-food-spread-tesco |first=Adam |last=Gabbatt |date=13 October 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=16 March 2017}}

In Australasia and the Pacific, British Marmite is sold as "Our Mate", due to the presence of a licensed Marmite produced in New Zealand.

=Vegemite=

File:Vegemite (15908411205).jpg

Vegemite ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|dʒ|ɪ|m|aɪ|t}} {{respell|VEJ|i|myte}})Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|1-876429-14-3}}[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vegemite vegemite]. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. 4 May 2009. is a thick, dark brown Australian food spread made from leftover brewers' yeast extract with various vegetable and spice additives. It was developed by Cyril Percy Callister in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1922. The Vegemite brand was owned by Mondelez International (formerly Kraft Foods Inc.)[http://www.kraftbrands.com/kraftvegemite/Pages/the-vegemite-story.aspx "The Vegemite Story"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319054956/http://www.kraftbrands.com/kraftvegemite/Pages/the-vegemite-story.aspx |date=19 March 2012 }}. Kraft Foods. until January 2017, when it was acquired by the Australian Bega Cheese group in a {{US$|460000000|2017|about=yes|round=-6}} agreement for full Australian ownership after Bega would buy most of Mondelez International's Australia and New Zealand grocery and cheese business.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-19/bega-buys-vegemite-mondelez/8193268|title=Vegemite bought by Bega from US food giant Mondelez International – ABC Rural – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |newspaper=ABC News|date=19 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017|last1=Beilharz |first1=Nikolai }}

A spread for sandwiches, toast, crumpets and cracker biscuits as well as a filling for pastries, Vegemite is similar to British Marmite, New Zealand Marmite, Australian Promite, MightyMite, AussieMite, OzEmite, Brazilian Cenovit, German Vitam-R and Swiss Cenovis.

Vegemite is salty, slightly bitter, malty, and rich in glutamates giving it an umami flavour similar to beef bouillon. It is vegan, kosher and halal.{{Cite web|url=https://vegemite.com.au/faqs/|title=FAQs - Start with VEGEMITE|website=vegemite.com.au|access-date=21 November 2018}}

= Marmite (New Zealand) =

File:Marmite Returns to New Zealand.jpg

Marmite ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|m|aɪ|t}} {{respell|MAR|myte}}) is a food spread produced in New Zealand by Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company and distributed in Australia and the Pacific. It is similar to the British Marmite, but the two products are made by different companies. This is the only product sold as Marmite in Australasia and the Pacific, whereas elsewhere in the world the British version predominates. In the rest of the world it is sold as "NZ-Mite".

Marmite has been manufactured in New Zealand since 1919. The product's popularity in England prompted the Sanitarium Health Food Company to obtain sole rights to distribute the product in New Zealand and Australia in 1908. They later began manufacturing Marmite under licence in Christchurch, albeit using a modified version of the original recipe, most notable for its inclusion of sugar and caramel. Common ingredients are also slightly different quantities from the British version; the New Zealand version has high levels of potassium, for example. New Zealand Marmite is described as having a "weaker" or "less tangy" flavour than the British version.

=Vitam-R=

{{Infobox food

| name = Vitam-R

| image = File:A jar of Vitam-R yeast paste.jpg

| image_size = 200px

| image_alt = A jar of Vitam-R

| caption =

| alternate_name =

| type = Yeast spread

| course =

| place_of_origin = Germany

| region =

| creator =

| year = 1925

| main_ingredient = Yeast extract

| variations = Kräuter (Herbs)

| serving_size = 100

| calories = 223

| calories_ref =

| protein = 29.8

| fat = 0.3

| carbohydrate = 25.1

| glycemic_index =

| similar_dish = Marmite, Vegemite

| other =

}}

Vitam-R is a savory yeast extract spread made in Hameln, Germany, by the company Vitam Hefe-Produkt GmbH. It was first developed by Rückforth AG in Stettin (today's Szczecin, Poland) in 1925,{{cite web

|url= https://bio-markt.info/berichte/64-Vitam.html

|title= Vitam: Mit Hefe-Extrakt zum Welthersteller

|date= 2009-09-01

|website= Bio-markt.info

|publisher= Bio-Markt.info: Das Nachrichtenportal der Naturkostbranche

|access-date= 2018-09-12

|quote= Beispielhaft für den wissensbezogenen Wandel der Vermarktung steht Vitam-R, ein Hefeextrakt, der Ende der 1920er Jahre als »Fleischextrakt des Vegetariers«39 vermarktet wurde. Das Präparat wurde 1925 von der Stettiner Rückforth AG...

|archive-date= 20 September 2018

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180920081129/https://bio-markt.info/berichte/64-Vitam.html

|url-status= dead

}}{{cite book|author=Uwe Spiekermann|title=Künstliche Kost: Ernährung in Deutschland, 1840 bis heute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0FbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA407|date=14 May 2018|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-647-31719-9|pages=407–}} following the discovery by Justus von Liebig that yeast could be concentrated.{{cite book|editor-last1=Boulton|editor-first1=Chris|title=Encyclopedia of brewing|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Weinheim|isbn=978-1-4051-6744-4|page=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWXcajHd3W0C&pg=PA394|access-date=4 November 2014}} It is sometimes described as having a smoother flavour than similar products such as Marmite,{{cite web

|url= https://www.dw.com/en/tesco-takes-marmite-off-virtual-shelves-amid-brexit-price-hikes/a-36028455

|title= Tesco takes Marmite off virtual shelves amid Brexit price hikes

|date= 2016-10-12

|website= dw.com

|publisher= Deutsche Welle

|access-date= 2018-09-12

|quote= But if Marmite stays off the shelves, Germany could have an answer. A company in Hameln has been making Vitam-R yeast spread since the 1920s. It may not have the same cachet as Marmite, but its smoother taste has a cult following among health food aficionados. But it, too, has become more expensive to import to Britain - even if, after Brexit, it will by default become the leading brand in the EU.}} Vegemite, or Cenovis. Unlike those brands, Vitam-R is not an iconic part of its home country's cuisine, but it, too, is described as having a love-it-or-hate-it flavour.{{cite book|author=Angela Helmberger|title=Glücklich trotz Unverträglichkeiten: Rotationsdiät: Bauchschmerzen und Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten dauerhaft lindern – Reizdarm und chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen vorbeugen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABVfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104|date=24 May 2018|publisher=tredition|isbn=978-3-7469-4482-1|pages=104–}} It is both vegan and by extension, vegetarian, and is sold primarily in Reformhaus health-food stores.

=Cenovis=

File:Cenovis.jpg

Cenovis is a product based on yeast extract that is similar to Marmite and Vegemite, rich in vitamin B₁. In the form of a dark brown food paste, it is used to flavour soups, sausages and salads. The most popular way to consume Cenovis, however, is to spread it on a slice of buttered bread, as stated on the product's packaging (it can also be blended directly into butter, and then spread on bread, or used as a filling in croissants and buns).

Cenovis is popular in Switzerland (particularly Romandie). It was developed in Rheinfelden in 1931, on the initiative of a master brewer named Alex Villinger,{{cite web |url=http://www.cenovis.ch/fr/tradition/ |title=Lorsqu'on allie la saveur à la santé ... |trans-title=When one combines flavour with health... |publisher=Cenovis.ch |date=1999 |access-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309124452/http://www.cenovis.ch/fr/tradition/ |archive-date=2011-03-09 }} (French) and was subsequently produced by the company Cenovis SA.

Other uses

The nutrition-rich nature of yeast extract lends it to a variety of uses. It was historically popular as a vitamin supplement for humans.{{cite journal |url=http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/lucy-wills-1888-1964-the-life-and-research-of-an-adventurous-independent-woman/ |last=Bastian |first=Hilda |year=2007 |title=Lucy Wills (1888–1964): The life and research of an adventurous independent woman |journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–91 |pmid=19069045 |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208152523/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/trial_records/20th_Century/1940s/wills_et_al/wills-biog.html |archive-date= 8 December 2008 }} Rich in proteins and nucleotides, it currently finds use in animal feed{{cite web |title=Yeast in the Animal Feed Industry |url=https://www.americandairymen.com/articles/yeast-animal-feed-industry |website=American Dairymen |language=en |date=18 July 2017 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220075311/https://www.americandairymen.com/articles/yeast-animal-feed-industry |url-status=dead }} and microbiology (see yeast extract agar) as nutritional supplements.{{cite web |title=Yeast Extract {{!}} Culture Media |url=https://www.neogen.com/categories/microbiology/yeast-extract/ |website=Neogen}} It also finds use in cosmetics and skincare products due to its moisturizing and alleged antioxidant properties.{{cite web |title=Yeast Extract (Explained + Products) |url=https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/yeast-extract |website=incidecoder.com}}

References

External links

{{Wikibooks|Cookbook:Yeast extract|Cookbook:Marmite|Cookbook:Vegemite}}

[http://www.yeastextract.info yeastextract.info]: Homepage of Eurasyp (European Association of Specialty Yeast Products)
[https://savorytastealliance.com/ Savory Taste Alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203044312/https://savorytastealliance.com/ |date=3 February 2023 }}

Category:Food ingredients

Category:Microbiological media ingredients

Category:Umami enhancers

Category:Yeasts