Yong'an dialect
{{Short description|Central Min Chinese dialect}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Yong'an dialect
|nativename={{lang|czo|永安事}}
|pronunciation={{IPA|[uã˧ um˧ sia˧˥]}}
|states=Southern China
|region=Yong'an, Sanming, Fujian
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Sinitic
|fam3=Chinese
|fam4=Min
|fam5=Inland Min
|fam6=Central Min
| ancestor = Proto-Sino-Tibetan
| ancestor2 = Old Chinese{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}}}
| ancestor3 = Proto-Min
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=none
|lingua=79-AAA-hbc
|notice=IPA
}}
The Yong'an dialect (Central Min: 永安事, Mandarin Chinese: 永安話) is a Central Min dialect spoken in Yong'an, Sanming in Western Fujian Province, China.
Phonology
The Yong'an dialect has 17 initials, 41 rimes and 6 tones.
= Initials =
The initials of the Yong'an dialect are:
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||||
| Bilabial | Dental | Palato-alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal / Approximant
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} ~ {{IPA link|l}} || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || | |||||
| Plosive
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|pʰ}} || {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|tʰ}} || || {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|kʰ}} || {{IPA link|ʔ}} | |||||
| Affricate
| || {{IPA link|ts}} {{IPA link|tsʰ}} || {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} || || | |||||
| Fricative
| || {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|ʃ}} || || {{IPA link|h}} |
- The initials {{IPA|[n]}} and {{IPA|[l]}} occur in free variation.
- {{IPA|/m, ŋ/}} can also be heard as voiced plosives {{IPA|[b, ɡ]}} in free variation.
- Palato-alveolar sounds {{IPA|/tʃ, tʃʰ, ʃ/}} can also be heard as alveolo-palatal sounds {{IPA|[tɕ, tɕʰ, ɕ]}} in free variation among speakers.
= Rimes =
The Yong'an dialect has a rich set of oral and nasal vowels, but allows only -m and -ŋ as a final consonant.
| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center" | |||
| colspan="2"| Open syllable | Nasal coda | Nasal vowel coda | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open mouth
|ɹ̩ {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|ø}} {{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ɯ}} | aɯ ɔu |m am ɔm ãŋ ẽĩŋ |ã õ | |||
| Even mouth
|i ia iɔ iø ie iɯ |iau |iam iẽĩŋ |ĩ iã iõ | |||
| Closed mouth
|{{IPA link|u}} uɔ ue ui | |um uẽĩŋ | uã | |||
| Round mouth
| {{IPA link|y}} ya ye yi | | ym yẽĩŋ | |
= Tones =
The tones are:
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
| rowspan=2 |
! colspan="4" | Middle Chinese tone |
|---|
| level
! rising ! departing ! entering |
| upper
| 53 || 21 || rowspan=2 | 35 || 13 |
| lower
| 32 || 43 || (> lower rising) |
= Tone sandhi =
The Yong'an dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
| class="wikitable"
|+ Tone sandhi of first syllable |
| Original citation tone
!Tone sandhi |
|---|
| upper level
|lower level |
| lower level
|remain unchanged |
| upper rising
|lower level |
| lower rising
|upper rising |
| departing
|remain unchanged |
| entering
|high level (55) |
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
Sources
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite journal
| title = The Initials of Proto-Min
| given = Jerry | surname = Norman | author-link = Jerry Norman (sinologist)
| journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | year = 1974
| volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–36 | jstor = 23749809
| ref = none
}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Zhou |first1=Changji 周长楫 |title=Yǒng'ān fāngyán |last2=Lin |first2=Baoqing 林宝卿 |date=1992 |publisher=Xiamen daxue chubanshe |editor-last=Yong'an Shi difangzhi bianweihui |editor-mask=Yong'an Shi difangzhi bianweihui 永安市地方志编委会 |location=Xiamen |language=zh |script-title=zh:永安方言 |trans-title=Yong'an Dialect}}
- {{Cite book |last=Yong'an Shi difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui |url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=2C71B62CBC44424C81DBA6AED3E8BAC4 |title=Yǒng'ān Shì zhì |date=1994 |publisher=Zhonghua shuju |isbn=7-101-01280-9 |volume=36 |location=Beijing Shi |language=zh |script-title=zh:永安市志 |trans-title=Chorography of Yong'an City |author-mask=Yong'an Shi difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 永安市地方志编纂委员会}}
{{refend}}
{{Min Chinese}}