Yoshijirō Umezu

File:Yoshijiro Umezu 02.jpg

Umezu was born in Nakatsu, Ōita, Japan, where his family ran a bookstore since the 18th century. During his years at the Kumamoto Prefectural Seiseikou High School in Kumamoto, he decided to pursue a military career. He graduated from the 15th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy on November 30, 1903, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry the following February 12, 1904. Promoted to lieutenant on June 30, 1905, he entered the 23rd class of the Army Staff College, graduating first in 1911. Following his promotion to captain on March 25, 1912, he was sent to Europe for further studies in Germany and Denmark. While in Denmark, he was also a military observer from Japan, during the course of World War I, and was promoted to major on June 1, 1918. From 1919 to 1921, he was appointed as a military attaché to Switzerland.Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military Biography

Umezu was promoted to lieutenant colonel on February 8, 1922 and to colonel on December 15, 1925. During the 1920s, he was a member of the Tōseiha, led by General Kazushige Ugaki along with Gen Sugiyama, Koiso Kuniaki, Tetsuzan Nagata and Hideki Tōjō. They represented a politically moderate line within the armed forces, in opposition to the radical Kōdōha movement, guided by Sadao Araki. Umezu served as an instructor at the Army Staff College from 1923 to 1924, and was commander of the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment from 1924 to 1926.

Umezu was promoted to major general in August 1930 and commander of the IJA 1st Infantry Brigade. He worked at the General Staff from August 1933, and was sent as a military attaché to Switzerland from November 1933. After his return to Japan in March 1934, he was appointed commander of the Japanese China Garrison Army and in November repelled a large-scale Chinese incursion into Rehe Province. In June 1935 he signed the He–Umezu Agreement, which was an attempt to defuse tensions between the Republic of China and Japan, and which gave Japan control over ten provinces of Hebei. Umezu was promoted to lieutenant general in August. In August 1935, he became commander of the Sendai-based IJA 2nd Division.Ammenthorp, the Generals of World War II He strongly opposed the February 26 incident attempted coup-de-etat in 1936. Umezu was appointed Vice Minister of War from March 1936 and working under Army Minister Terauchi Hisaichi, purged many of the radical kōdōha members from the Army ranks.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

File:Surrender of Japan - USS Missouri.jpg on the USS Missouri. Standing in the front row are Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu (left) and Umezu (right).]]

Umezu returned to China in May 1938 as commander-in-chief of the IJA 1st Army. By this time, the IJA 1st Army had completed its combat operations, and was serving as a garrison force in Japanese-occupied Northern China. From September 1939. he was commander-in-chief of the Kwantung Army, which was likewise acting as a garrison force in Manchukuo. He was promoted to full general on August 1, 1940.Budge, Pacific War Online Encyclopedia

In July 1944, Umezu was appointed as the final Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, and a member of the Supreme War Council, following the resignation of Hideki Tojo. Along with Army Minister Korechika Anami and the Chief of Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff, Soemu Toyoda, Umezu opposed surrender in August 1945 and believed that the military should fight on and that by forcing the Allies to sustain heavy losses in an invasion, Japan could negotiate for peace under better terms. He was aware of the planned coup d'état by junior officers opposed to the surrender but did nothing to aid or to hinder it.Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender He was personally ordered by Emperor Hirohito to sign the instrument of surrender on behalf of the armed forces on September 2, 1945 and was thus the Army's senior representative during the surrender ceremonies on the battleship {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, officially ending World War II.Shokan, Hirohito's Samurai He entered the reserves on November 30.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

After the war, he was arrested by the SCAP authorities and tried as a war criminal at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo. He was found guilty of Counts 1, 27, 29, 31 and 32 of waging a war of aggression and sentenced to life imprisonment on November 12, 1948.Maga, Judgement at Tokyo

Umezu died from rectal cancer in 1949 while he was still incarcerated. He converted to Catholicism one day before his death, and his last rites were performed at his bedside by a Catholic priest.{{cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/47637173|title= "Japanese Convert" - The West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879 - 1954)|date=11 January 1949|website=trove.nla.gov.au|access-date=2024-01-15}} Although Umezu had followed the militaristic State Shinto religion, his family favored Catholicism, and his daughter became a Catholic nun.

File:JapaneseSurrender.jpg

• 1906 – File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 6Class BAR.svg Order of the Rising Sun, 6th class{{NDLDC|10273436}}
• 1906 – File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 5Class BAR.svg Order of the Golden Kite, 5th class
• 1913 – File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 5Class BAR.svg Order of the Sacred Treasure, 5th class『官報』第251号「叙任及辞令」June 2, 1913
• 1915 – File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 4Class BAR.svg Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class
• 1922 – File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 3Class BAR.svg Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class
• 1933 – File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 2Class BAR.svg Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class
• 1936 – File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 1Class BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
• 1939 – File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
• 1940 – File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 2Class BAR.svg Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class

• {{cite book | last = Butow | first = Robert J. C. | author-link = Robert Butow | year = 1954 | title = Japan's Decision to Surrender | url = https://archive.org/details/japansdecisionto0000buto | url-access = registration | publisher = Stanford University Press | id = ASIN: B000VFCC14}}
• {{cite book | last = Dupuy | first = Trevor N. | year = 1992 | title = Encyclopedia of Military Biography | publisher = I B Tauris & Co Ltd | isbn = 1-85043-569-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmi0000dupu }}
• {{cite book | last = Frank | first = Richard B. | year = 1999 | title = Downfall: the End of the Imperial Japanese Empire | publisher = Penguin, non-classics | isbn = 0-14-100146-1}}
• {{cite book | last = Fuller | first = Richard | year = 1992 | title = Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai| publisher = Arms and Armor | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-151-4 | url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/shokanhirohitoss00full }}
• {{cite book | last = Hayashi | first = Saburo |author2=Cox, Alvin D | year = 1959 | title = Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War | publisher = The Marine Corps Association. | location = Quantico, Virginia }}
• Kase, Toshikazu (1950). Journey to the Missouri.
• {{cite book | last = Maga | first = Timothy P. | year = 2001 | title = Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | isbn = 0-8131-2177-9}}

{{Commons category|Yoshijiro Umezu}}

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• [http://www.ussmissouri.com/surrender/umezu.htm USS Missouri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210155818/http://www.ussmissouri.com/surrender/umezu.htm |date=February 10, 2006 }}
• {{cite web| last = Ammenthorp| first = Steen| url = http://www.generals.dk/general/Umezu/Yoshijiro/Japan.html| title = Umezu, Yoshijiro| work = The Generals of World War II}}
• {{cite encyclopedia| last = Budge| first = Kent| url = http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/index.htm| title = Umezu, Yoshijiro| encyclopedia = Pacific War Online Encyclopedia}}
• {{cite web| last = Clancy| first = Patrick| url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-10.html| title = HyperWar:IMTFE Judgement| work = HyperWar Foundation}}

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{{succession box | before=Kotaro Nakamura| title=Commander, China Garrison Army | years=Mar 1934 – Aug 1935| after=Hayao Tada}}

{{succession box | before=Kiyoshi Katsuki| title=Commander, IJA 1st Army | years=May 1938 – Sept 1939| after=Yoshio Shinozuka}}

{{succession box | before=Kenkichi Ueda| title=Commander, Kwantung Army | years=Sept 1939 – Jul 1944| after=Otozō Yamada}}

{{succession box | before=Hideki Tōjō| title=Chief of Imperial Japanese Army General Staff | years=Jul 1944 – Sept 1945| after=none}}

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Category:1882 births

Category:1949 deaths

Category:People from Nakatsu, Ōita

Category:Military personnel from Ōita Prefecture

Category:Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II

Category:Japanese military attachés

Category:Japanese colonial governors and administrators

Category:Members of the Kwantung Army

Category:People of the Kwantung Leased Territory

Category:Japanese people convicted of war crimes

Category:Japanese people convicted of the international crime of aggression

Category:People convicted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

Category:Japanese prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment

Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by international courts and tribunals

Category:Japanese people who died in prison custody

Category:Japanese Roman Catholics

Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Shinto

Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer in Japan

Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun

Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class

Category:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class