Yukpa language
{{Short description|Cariban language of Venezuela and Columbia}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=es|otherarticle=Idioma yukpa|date=December 2024}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Yukpa
| nativename = {{lang|yup|Yupka wonkü}}
| states = Venezuela, Colombia
| region =
| ethnicity = Yukpa people
| speakers = {{sigfig|6,020|1}}
| date = 2007–2009
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Cariban
| fam1 = Cariban
| fam2 = (unclassified)
| fam3 = Yupka languages
| iso3 = yup
| glotto = yukp1241
| glottorefname = Yukpa
| map = Yukpa.png
|mapcaption=Distribution of Yukpa
}}
Yukpa (Yuco, Yucpa, Yuko, Yupa) is a Cariban language, spoken by 3,000 people in Zulia State in Venezuela and 3,000 across the border in Colombia. It's also known as Carib Motilón, Macoíta, Northern Motilón, Manso.
Río Casacará (Iroka) and Río Maracas are the main dialects, and different enough to possibly be considered separate languages. Also Caño Padilla–La Laguna. The Venezuelan dialects, Yrapa and Río Negro, are closer to Río Maracas than to Río Casacará.
Similarity to Japrería, the other Yupka language, is slight.
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! rowspan="2" |Dental/ ! rowspan="2" |Post- ! rowspan="2" |Retroflex ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar |
| plain
!lab. |
|---|
| align="center"
!Stop |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t̪}} | | | |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|kʷ}} |
| Affricate
| | |{{IPA link|tʃ}} |{{IPA link|tʂ}} | | | |
| align="center"
| |{{IPA link|s̪}} |({{IPA link|ʃ}}) |{{IPA link|ʂ}} | | | |
| align="center"
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n̪}} | | | | | |
| align="center"
| |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | |({{IPA link|ɽ}}) | | | |
| align="center"
|{{IPA link|w}} | | | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |
- Sounds /p, m/ can become velarized as [pˠ, mˠ] when before vowels /e, a/.
- /j/ can have an allophone of [ʐ] in free variation, and [ç] when before consonants.
- A retroflex [ɽ] may also occur simultaneously in the place of /tʂ/ or /ʂ/ in the Sokorpa dialect.
- In the La Paz and Menkwe dialects, retroflex consonants do not occur, so /ʂ/ is heard as [ʃ] in both dialects, and /tʂ/ is heard as either [x] in the La Paz dialect, and [ts] in the Menkwe dialect.
- Nasal sounds /m, n/ become voiceless [m̥, n̥] when preceding voiceless stops.
= Vowels =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! ! colspan="2" |Back |
| align="center"
!High | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|e}} ~ {{IPA link|ɪ}} | |{{IPA link|ɯ}} |{{IPA link|u}} |
| align="center"
!Mid | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|o}} |
| align="center"
!Low | |{{IPA link|a}} | colspan="2" | |
- /e/ ranges between sounds [ɪ, e] across dialects.{{Cite book |last=Largo |first=Wilson |title=Una Gramática del Yukpa Colombia |publisher=Fundación Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados (FDPM) |year=2011 |url=https://www.lengamer.org/admin/language_folders/yukpa/user_uploaded_files/links/File/Gramatica11rev.pdf |lang=es}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Cite report |url=https://www.ailla.utexas.org/sites/default/files/documents/Meira_CILLA2_yukpa.pdf |title=Primeras observaciones sobre la lengua yukpa |trans-title=First Observations on the Yukpa Language |last=Meira |first=Sérgio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208134205/https://ailla.utexas.org/sites/default/files/documents/Meira_CILLA2_yukpa.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-08 |lang=es |date=2005-10-27 |website=Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America |publisher=University of Texas}}
{{Languages of Colombia}}
{{Languages of Venezuela}}
{{Cariban languages}}
Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest
Category:Languages of Venezuela
Category:Languages of Colombia
{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}