Yurok language

Concerning the etymology of Yurok ({{a.k.a.}} Weitspekan), this below is from Campbell (1997):

{{blockquote|Yurok is from Karuk {{Lang|kyh|yúruk}} meaning literally 'downriver'. The Yurok traditional name for themselves is {{Lang|yur|Puliklah}} (Hinton 1994:157), from {{Lang|yur|pulik}} 'downstream' + -la 'people of', thus equivalent in meaning to the Karuk name by which they came to be known in English (Victor Golla, personal communication).(Campbell 1997:401, notes #131 & 132)}}

Decline of the language began during the California Gold Rush, due to the influx of new settlers and the diseases they brought with them and Native American boarding schools initiated by the United States government with the intent of incorporating the native populations of America into mainstream American society increased the rate of decline of the language.{{Cite web| title = The Yurok Tribe Home Page| access-date = 2014-05-07| url = http://www.yuroktribe.org/culture/culture.htm| archive-date = April 30, 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150430051320/http://www.yuroktribe.org/culture/culture.htm| url-status = dead}}

{{Update section|date=April 2025}}

The program to revive Yurok has been lauded as the most successful language revitalization program in California.Romney, Lee. (2013, February 6). [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-yurok-language-20130207,0,776112.story Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204124/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-yurok-language-20130207,0,776112.story |date=February 17, 2013 }}. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013 As of 2014, there are six schools in Northern California that teach Yurok - four high schools and two elementary schools. Rick Jordan, principal of Eureka High School, one of the schools with a Yurok Language Program, remarks on the impact that schools can have on the vitality of a language, "A hundred years ago, it was our organizations that were beating the language out of folks, and now we're trying to re-instill it – a little piece of something that is much larger than us".{{Cite news

| last = Onishi

| first = Norimitsu

| title = In California, Saving a Language That Predates Spanish and English

| work = New York Times

| date = April 12, 2014

| access-date = 2014-04-15

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/us/in-california-saving-a-language-that-predates-spanish-and-english.html?hpw&rref=us&_r=1

| archive-date = May 1, 2023

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230501103007/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/us/in-california-saving-a-language-that-predates-spanish-and-english.html?hpw&rref=us&_r=1

| url-status = live

}}

The last known native, active speaker of Yurok, Archie Thompson, died March 26, 2013. "He was also the last of about 20 elders who helped revitalize the language over the last few decades, after academics in the 1990s predicted it would be extinct by 2010. He made recordings of the language that were archived by UC Berkeley linguists and the tribe, spent hours helping to teach Yurok in community and school classrooms, and welcomed apprentice speakers to probe his knowledge."{{Cite news

| last = Romney, Lee

| title = Archie Thompson dies at 93: Yurok elder kept tribal tongue alive

| work = Los Angeles Times

| access-date = 2013-04-08

| date = 2013-04-07

| url = http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-archie-thompson-20130407,0,1929379.story

| archive-date = April 8, 2013

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130408191940/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-archie-thompson-20130407,0,1929379.story

| url-status = live

}}

Linguists at UC Berkeley began the Yurok Language Project in 2001. Professor Andrew Garrett and Dr. Juliette Blevins collaborated with tribal elders on a Yurok dictionary that has been hailed as a national model. The Yurok Language Project has gone much more in depth than just a printed lexicon, however. The dictionary is available online and fully searchable. It is also possible to search an audio dictionary – a repository of audio clips of words and short phrases. For a more in-depth study, there is a database of compiled texts where words and phrases can be viewed as part of a larger context.{{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/search.php|title=Yurok Language Project: Advanced Search|access-date=April 30, 2014|archive-date=October 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024003248/https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/search.php|url-status=live}}

As of February 2013, there wereover 300 basic Yurok speakers, 60 with intermediate skills, 37 who are advanced, and 17 who are considered conversationally fluent. As of 2014, nine people were certified to teach Yurok in schools. Since Yurok, like many other Native American languages, uses a master-apprentice system to train up speakers in the language, having even nine certified teachers would not be possible without a piece of legislation passed in 2009 in the state of California that allows indigenous tribes the power to appoint their own language teachers.

Vowels are as follows:{{cite web|title=Yurok Sounds|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/sounds.php|website=Yurok Language Project|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=May 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507104534/https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/sounds.php|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Yurok vowels|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/vowels-2.php|website=Yurok Language Project|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150702/https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/vowels-2.php|url-status=live}}

Consonants are as follows:{{cite web|title=Yurok consonants|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php|website=Yurok Language Project|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203820/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php|url-status=live}}

Notable is the lack of plain {{IPA|/s/}}.

Yurok has an anticipatory vowel harmony system where underlying non-high vowels {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are realized as {{IPA|[ɚ]}} if they precede an {{IPA|/ɚ/}}.{{cite web|title=Yurok|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/yurok.php|website=Survey of California and Other Indian Languages|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301124432/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/yurok.php|url-status=live}}

Yurok has front-, central-, and back-closing diphthongs. The second element of the diphthongs is considered a consonant or semivowel. This is because Yurok diphthongs are falling diphthongs and behave similarly to nasal and approximates following a vowel and preceding a pause or voiceless non-glottalized consonant.

All Yurok syllables begin with a consonant and contain at least one vowel. Here are some examples of the different kinds of syllable structure:

V:V can only be {{IPA|/oːo/}} or {{IPA|/uːu/}} and is signaled by a change in pitch between the vowels.

File:Unifon alphabet - adaptation to Yurok language.gif

As of 2020, Yurok is written in the New Yurok Alphabet, using Latin characters. Previously, Yurok was written in the Yurok Unifon; some books cited in the Yurok Language Project contain Yurok written in the Unifon script, though due to practicality in writing, typing, and reading, the Latin characters are now preferred. Currently, there is a spelling reform occurring to streamline the spelling of words; thus, some letters may differ between spellings. Currently, this is the alphabet as taught at various schools.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}{{Explain|IPA needed|date=April 2024}}

• A a {{IPAslink|a}} (as in {{Lang|yur|lap-sew}} {{IPA|/lapʂej/}})
• Aa aa {{IPA|/a{{IPA link|ː}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|aa-wok}} {{IPA|/aːwɔk/}})
• Aw aw {{IPA|/aw/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|tee'-naw}} {{IPA|/tiːʔnaw/}})
• Ay/Aiy ay/aiy {{IPA|/aj/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|aiy'-ye-kweee}} {{IPA|/ajʔjekʷiː/}}. Spelling is currently being reformed.)
• Ch ch {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|chee-mos}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃimɔʂ/}})
• Ch' ch' {{IPA|/t͡ʃ{{IPA link|ʼ}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ch'-ee-shah}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼiʃah/}})
• E e {{IPAslink|e}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ne-chek}} {{IPA|/net͡ʃek/}})
• Ee ee {{IPAslink|i}} (as in {{Lang|yur|chee-nos}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃinɔʂ/}})
• Eee eee {{IPA|/i{{IPA link|ː}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|cheeek}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃiːk/}})
• Er er {{IPAslink|ɚ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|er-plers}} {{IPA|/ɚplɚʂ/}})
• Err err {{IPA|/ɚ{{IPA link|ː}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|errhl-ker}} {{IPA|/ɚːɬkɚ/}})
• Ery ery {{IPA|/ɚj/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|cher'-ery}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃɚʔɚj/}})
• Erw erw {{IPA|/ɚw/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|mer-terw}} {{IPA|/mɚtɚw/}})
• Ew ew {{IPA|/ew/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|pop-sew}} {{IPA|/pɔpʂew/}})
• Ey ey {{IPA|/ej/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ey-lekw}} {{IPA|/ejlekʷ/}})
• Eyr eyr {{IPA|/ejɻ/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|neyr-es}} {{IPA|/nejɻeʂ/}})
• G g {{IPAslink|ɣ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|pey-gerk}} {{IPA|/pejɣɚk/}})
• H h {{IPAslink|h}} (as in {{Lang|yur|herhl-ker}} {{IPA|/hɚɬkɚ/}})
• Hl hl {{IPAslink|ɬ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|hlkehl}} {{IPA|/ɬkeɬ/}})
• K k {{IPAslink|k}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ne'-kue-chos}} {{IPA|/neʔkut͡ʃɔʂ/}})
• K' k' {{IPA|/k{{IPA link|ʼ}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|k'-ooy}} {{IPA|/k’ɔːj/}})
• Kw kw {{IPA|/{{IPA link|kʷ}}~kʷ{{IPA link|’}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|kwerhl}} {{IPA|/kʷɚɬ/}})
• L l {{IPA|/{{IPA link|l}}~{{IPA link|ˀ}}l/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|lo-chom'}} {{IPA|/lɔt͡ʃɔmʔ/}})
• M m {{IPA|/{{IPA link|m}}~{{IPA link|ˀ}}m/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|mey-wo}} {{IPA|/mejwɔ/}})
• N n {{IPA|/{{IPA link|n}}~{{IPA link|ˀ}}n/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|neyp-sech}} {{IPA|/nejpʂet͡ʃ/}})
• O o {{IPAslink|ɔ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ohl-kuem}} {{IPA|/ɔɬkum/}})
• Oo oo {{IPA|/ɔ{{IPA link|ː}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|oohl}} {{IPA|/ɔːɬ/}})
• Ow {{IPA|/ɔw/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|kow-wey}} {{IPA|/kɔwwej/}})
• Owr {{IPA|/ɔwɻ/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|mey-wee-mowr}} {{IPA|/mejwimɔwɻ/}})
• Oy oy {{IPA|/ɔj/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|koy-poh}} {{IPA|/kɔjpɔh/}})
• P p {{IPAslink|p}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ple-tew}} {{IPA|/pletew/}})
• P' p' {{IPA|/p{{IPA link|ʼ}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|plop'}} {{IPA|/plɔp’/}})
• R r {{IPA|/{{IPA link|ɻ}}~{{IPA link|ˀ}}ɻ/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|rek'-woy}} {{IPA|/ɻekʷ’ɔj/}})
• S s {{IPAslink|ʂ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|sa-'ahl}} {{IPA|/ʂaʔaɬ/}})
• Sh sh {{IPAslink|ʃ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|pre-go-neesh}} {{IPA|/pɻeɣɔniʃ/}})
• T t {{IPAslink|t}} (as in {{Lang|yur|te-seer}} {{IPA|/tesɚ/}})
• T' t' {{IPA|/t{{IPA link|ʼ}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|t'ot-'ohl}} {{IPA|/t’ɔt’oɬ/}})
• Ue ue {{IPAslink|u}} (as in {{Lang|yur|wo-nue}} {{IPA|/wɔnu/}})
• Uue uue {{IPA|/u{{IPA link|ː}}/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|chuue'}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃuː/}})
• Uy uy {{IPA|/uj/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ne-puy}} {{IPA|/nepuj/}})
• W w {{IPA|/{{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|ˀ}}w/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|wo-news-le-pah}} {{IPA|/wɔnewʂlepah/}})
• X x {{IPAslink|x}} (as in {{Lang|yur|'wa-'a-lox}} {{IPA|/ʔwaʔalɔx/}})
• Y y {{IPA|/{{IPA link|j}}~{{IPA link|ˀ}}j/}} (as in {{Lang|yur|ye-gom}} {{IPA|/jeɣɔm/}})
• ' {{IPAslink|ʔ}} (as in {{Lang|yur|chpok-sek'}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃpɔkʂekʔ/}})

Some books have been written partially in Yurok. One such example is the graphic novel Soldiers Unknown,{{Cite web |date=2019-08-23 |title=SOLDIERS UNKNOWN: A World War One graphic novel by Chag Lowry & Rahsan Ekedal |url=https://atribecalledgeek.com/soldiers-unknown-a-world-war-one-graphic-novel-by-chag-lowry-rahsan-ekedal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109144843/https://atribecalledgeek.com/soldiers-unknown-a-world-war-one-graphic-novel-by-chag-lowry-rahsan-ekedal/ |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=A Tribe Called Geek |language=en-US}} written by Chag Lowry.{{Cite web |title=Chag Lowry |url=https://bluelakerancheria-nsn.gov/pathmakers/chaglowry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526093946/https://www.tea.bluelakerancheria-nsn.gov/pathmakers/chaglowry/ |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Blue Lake Rancheria |language=en-US}} The Yurok text in Soldiers Unknown was translated by Yurok language teacher James Gensaw, and the graphic novel was illustrated by Rahsan Ekedal.

Yurok morphological processes include prefixation, infixation, inflection, vowel harmony, ablaut, consonantal alternation,{{clarify|date=February 2014}} and reduplication.

Prefixation and infixation occur in nominals and verbals, and occasionally in other classes, although infixation occurs most frequently in verbals.

Vowel harmony occurs for prefixes, infixes, and inflections, depending on the vocalic and consonantal structure of the word stem. Internal vocalic alternation involves three alternating pairs: {{IPA|/e/~/i/}}, {{IPA|/e/~/iʔi/}}, {{IPA|/e/~/u/}}.

Reduplication occurs mostly on verb stems but occasionally for nouns and can connote repetition, plurality, etc. Reduplication occurs on the first syllable, and sometimes a part of the second syllable:

Numerals and adjectives can be classified according to the noun grammatically associated with them."Yurok" by R. H. Robins, Lingua. vol. 17

As in many indigenous languages of the Americas, Yurok verbs do not code tense through inflection. The time when an action takes place is inferred through both linguistic and nonlinguistic context.

On the other hand, aspect is prevalent in Yurok verbs, being indicated by preverbal particles. These occur either directly or indirectly before a verb. These can combine with verbs and other particles to indicate time and many other aspects.

Some preverbal particles include: {{Lang|yur|ho}} (completed action in the past); {{Lang|yur|kic}} (past but with ongoing effects); {{Lang|yur|wo}} (past after a negative, or in "unreal conditions"); {{Lang|yur|?ap}} (past with the implication of starting some action).The Yurok Language by R. H. Robins

The most common form of sentence structure consists of a Nominal + Verbal. Indeed, most other, seemingly more complex sentence structures can be viewed as expanding on this fundamental type.Robins, Robert H. 1958. The Yurok Language: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics 15.

{{interlinear

| indent = 3|nek helomey -ek|I {be dancing} -1sg|"I am dancing."

| lang = yur

}}

{{interlinear

| indent = 3|pu:k roʔop'|deer run|"The deer is running."

| lang = yur

}}

Sentences can also be equational, consisting of two nominals or nominal groups:

{{interlinear

| indent = 3|wok ne- let|3SG.PRO SG.POSS- sister|"That is my sister."

| lang = yur

}}

{{interlinear

| indent = 3|woʔot ku tmi:gomin|3SG.PRO ART hunter|"He is the hunter."

| lang = yur

}}

Sentences can also be composed of one or more verbals without nominals as explicit arguments.

{{interlinear

| indent = 3

| abbreviations = INFL:inflection|tmo:l -ok'|{to shoot} -1SG.INFL|"I am shooting."

| lang = yur

}}

{{interlinear

| indent = 3

| abbreviations = INFL:inflection|hoʔop' -es|{build a fire} -2SG.IMP.INFL|"Build a fire!"

| lang = yur

}}

The same is true for nominals and nominal groups, which can stand alone as complete sentences, following a similar pattern to the equational sentences already mentioned.

{{interlinear

| indent = 3|kwesi twegoh|ADV raccoon|"And it was the raccoon."

| lang = yur

}}

Complex sentences are formed along similar principles to these, but with expanded verbals or nominals, or verbals and/or nominals connected by coordinators.

Word order is sometimes used to distinguish between the categories of subject and object.

{{interlinear

| indent = 3|ku pegək noʔp'eʔn mewiɬ|the man {to chase} elk|"The man chased the elk."

| lang = yur

}}

However, if the morphological inflections are sufficiently unambiguous, it is not necessary to maintain a strict word order.

{{interlinear

| indent = 3

| abbreviations = INFL:inflection|nekac new -ohpeʔn ku wencokws|1SG.OBJ {to see} -3SG.INFL ART woman|"The woman saw me."

| lang = yur

}}

In the sentences composed of a subject and a verb, the two are often interchangeable.

{{interlinear

| indent = 3

| abbreviations = INFL:inflection|helom -eʔy ku pegək|{to dance} -3SG.INFL ART man|"The man dances."

| lang = yur

}}

{{interlinear

| indent = 3

| abbreviations = INFL:inflection|ku pegək helom -eʔy|ART man {to dance} -3SG.INFL|"The man dances."

| lang = yur

}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite news |last=Atherton |first=Kelley |url=http://www.triplicate.com/News/Local-News/Back-from-the-brink-Learning-the-Yurok-language |title=Back from the Brink: Learning the Yurok Language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213143227/http://www.triplicate.com/News/Local-News/Back-from-the-brink-Learning-the-Yurok-language |archive-date=December 13, 2012 |work=The Daily Triplicate |date=16 October 2010 |access-date=30 April 2012}}
• {{cite journal |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |date=2003 |title=The phonology of Yurok glottalized sonorants: Segmental fission under syllabification |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=371–396 |doi=10.1086/382738|citeseerx=10.1.1.494.4389 |s2cid=14886779 }}
• {{cite book |author-link=Lyle Campbell |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |year=1997 |title=American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
• {{cite journal |author-link1=Roland Burrage Dixon |last1=Dixon |first1=Roland |author-link2=Alfred L. Kroeber |last2=Kroeber |first2=Alfred L. |year=1913 |title=New linguistic families in California |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=5 |pages=1–26|doi=10.1525/aa.1903.5.1.02a00020 }}
• {{cite book |author-link=Ives Goddard |last=Goddard |first=Ives |year=1975 |chapter=Algonquian, Wiyot, and Yurok: Proving a distant genetic relationship |editor-first1=M. D. |editor-last1=Kinkade |editor-first2=K. L. |editor-last2=Hale |editor-first3=O. |editor-last3=Werner |title=Linguistics and anthropology in honor of C. F. Voegelin |pages=249–262 |location=Lisse |publisher=Peter de Ridder Press}}
• {{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Ives |year=1979 |chapter=Comparative Algonquian |editor-first1=L. |editor-last1=Campbell |editor-first2=M. |editor-last2=Mithun |title=The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment |pages=70–132 |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press}}
• {{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Ives |year=1990 |chapter=Algonquian linguistic change and reconstruction |editor-first=P. |editor-last=Baldi |title=Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology |pages=99–114 |location=Berlin |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter}}
• {{cite book |last=Golla |first=Victor |year=2011 |title=California Indian Languages |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-26667-4}}
• {{cite journal |last=Haas |first=Mary R. |year=1958 |title=Algonkian-Ritwan: The end of a controversy |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=159–173|doi=10.1086/464453 }}
• {{cite book |author-link=Leanne Hinton |last=Hinton |first=Leanne |year=1994 |title=Flutes of fire: Essays on Californian Indian languages |location=Berkeley |publisher=Heyday Books}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Michelson |first=Truman |author-link=Truman Michelson |date=1914 |title=Two alleged Algonquian languages of California |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=361–367 |doi=10.1525/aa.1914.16.2.02a00150 |jstor=659619 |doi-access= |jstor-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last=Michelson |first=Truman |year=1915 |title=Rejoinder (to Edward Sapir) |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=17 |pages=4–8}}
• {{cite book |author-link=Marianne Mithun |last=Mithun |first=Marianne |year=1999 |title=The languages of Native North America |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-23228-7}}
• {{cite book |author-link=R. H. Robins |last=Robins |first=Robert H |year=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_yur_book-1 |title=The Yurok Language: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon |series=University of California Publications in Linguistics |volume=15|publisher=University of California Press }}
• {{Cite journal |last=Sapir |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Sapir |date=1913 |title=Wiyot and Yurok, Algonkin languages of California |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=617–646 |doi=10.1525/aa.1913.15.4.02a00040 |jstor=659722 |doi-access= |jstor-access=free }}
• {{Cite journal |last=Sapir |first=Edward |date=1915a |title=Algonkin languages of California: A reply |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=188–198 |doi=10.1525/aa.1915.17.1.02a00270 |jstor=660169|doi-access=free |jstor-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last=Sapir |first=Edward |date=1915b |title=Epilogue |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=17 |page=198}}

• [http://www.yuroktribe.org/departments/education/Yurok_Tribe_Language_Program/language.htm Yurok Tribe Language Project]
• [http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/ Yurok Language Project] at the University of California, Berkeley, with sound files and a searchable dictionary
• [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/yurok.php Yurok language] overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• [http://www.language-archives.org/language/yur OLAC resources in and about the Yurok language]
• [http://cla.berkeley.edu/language/3?tab=items&drestriction=none Yurok language resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527030713/http://cla.berkeley.edu/language/3?tab=items&drestriction=none |date=May 27, 2015 }} at the California Language Archive
• {{Cite web

| title = Yurok Swadesh List

| access-date = 2012-08-26

| url = https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_yur_swadesh-1

}}

• [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtBz5NPzaDtAo94CyrHZA_Q "Yurok Language Program"] YouTube channel, run by a fluent teacher

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Category:Yurok

Category:Algic languages

Category:Indigenous languages of California

Category:Native American language revitalization

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Category:Vowel-harmony languages