ZIC2

ZIC2 is classified as a ZIC protein due to conservation of the five C2H2 zinc fingers, which enables the protein to interact with DNA and proteins.

Correct function of these proteins is critical for early development, and as such mutations of the genes encoding these proteins is known to result in various congenital defects. For example, mutation of ZIC2 is known to result in holoprosencephaly due to defect in the function of the organizer region (node), which leads to a defective anterior notochord (ANC). The ANC provides a maintenance signal to the Prechordal plate (PCP), thus a defective ANC results in degradation of the PCP, which is normally responsible for sending a shh signal to the developing forebrain resulting in the formation of the two hemispheres.{{cite journal | vauthors = Warr N, Powles-Glover N, Chappell A, Robson J, Norris D, Arkell RM | title = Zic2-associated holoprosencephaly is caused by a transient defect in the organizer region during gastrulation | journal = Hum Mol Genet | volume = 17 | issue = 19 | pages = 2986–96 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18617531 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddn197 | doi-access = }} Holoprosencephaly is the most common structural anomaly of the human forebrain.

Recently ZIC2 has also been shown to be critical for establishment of the left-right axis, thus loss of ZIC2 function can result in defects in heart formation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Barratt KS, Glanville-Jones HC, Arkell RM | title = The Zic2 gene directs the formation and function of node cilia to control cardiac situs. | journal = Genesis | volume = 52 | issue = 6 | pages = 626–35 | date = Jun 2013 | pmid = 24585447 | doi = 10.1002/dvg.22767 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1885/66428 | hdl-access = free }} Another member of the ZIC family, ZIC3, has previously been linked to establishment of the left-right axis.

A polyhistidine tract polymorphism in this gene may be associated with increased risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida). This gene is closely linked to a gene encoding ZIC5, a related family member on chromosome 13.

ZIC2 has recently been found to interact with TCF7L2, enabling it to act as a Wnt/β-catenin signalling inhibitor.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pourebrahim R, Houtmeyers R, Ghogomu S, Janssens S, Thelie A, Tran HT, Langenberg T, Vleminckx K, Bellefroid E, Cassiman JJ, Tejpar S | title = Transcription factor Zic2 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin protein signaling. | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 286 | issue = 43 | pages = 37732–40 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21908606 | pmc = 3199516 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M111.242826 | doi-access = free }} Such a role is of critical importance, as not only is correct Wnt signalling critical for early development,{{cite journal | vauthors = Fossat N, Jones V, Khoo PL, Bogani D, Hardy A, Steiner K, Mukhopadhyay M, Westphal H, Nolan PM, Arkell R, Tam PP | title = Stringent requirement of a proper level of canonical WNT signalling activity for head formation in mouse embryo. | journal = Development | volume = 138 | issue = 4 | pages = 667–76 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21228006 | doi = 10.1242/dev.052803 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1885/66666 | hdl-access = free }} Wnt signalling has also been found to be upregulated to several cancers. ZIC2 has also been shown to interact with GLI3.{{cite journal | vauthors = Koyabu Y, Nakata K, Mizugishi K, Aruga J, Mikoshiba K | title = Physical and functional interactions between Zic and Gli proteins | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 10 | pages = 6889–92 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11238441 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.C000773200 | doi-access = free }}

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• {{cite book | vauthors = Barratt KS, Arkell R | chapter = ZIC2 in Holoprosencephaly | title = Zic family | series = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | volume = 1046 | pages = 269–299 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29442327 | doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_14 | isbn = 978-981-10-7310-6 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Houtmeyers R, Souopgui J, Tejpar S, Arkell R | title = The ZIC gene family encodes multi-functional proteins essential for patterning and morphogenesis. | journal = Cell Mol Life Sci | volume = 70 | issue = 20 | pages = 3791–811 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23443491 | doi = 10.1007/s00018-013-1285-5 | hdl = 1885/65873 | s2cid = 8660667 | hdl-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Brown LY, Odent S, David V, Blayau M, Dubourg C, Apacik C, Delgado MA, Hall BD, Reynolds JF, Sommer A, Wieczorek D, Brown SA, Muenke M | title = Holoprosencephaly due to mutations in ZIC2: alanine tract expansion mutations may be caused by parental somatic recombination | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = 791–6 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11285244 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/10.8.791 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Dubourg C, Lazaro L, Pasquier L, Bendavid C, Blayau M, Le Duff F, Durou MR, Odent S, David V | title = Molecular screening of SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF genes in patients with features of holoprosencephaly spectrum: Mutation review and genotype-phenotype correlations | journal = Hum. Mutat. | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–51 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15221788 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20056 | s2cid = 34076824 }}

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