Za'aba Spelling

The first major orthographic reform of the Malay Rumi Script was initiated by British scholar and administrator Richard James Wilkinson in 1904, introducing the Wilkinson spelling or 'Romanised Malay Spelling', which became the official system widely used in all British colonies and protectorates in Malaya, Singapore and Borneo.{{harvnb|Asmah Omar|1989}} Following the growth in the use of Malay in the education system funded by the colonial administration, efforts to improve the Rumi spelling system were undertaken by various organizations, including the notable Sultan Idris Teachers College. In 1924, after 20 years in use, the Wilkinson orthography was improved further in a reform initiated by the linguist Zainal Abidin Ahmad at the Sultan Idris Teachers College. Over the years, the system was progressively improved and was applied in a series of pedoman bahasa ('guide to language') published by the college. Among several publications that applied this orthography are Ilmu Bahasa Melayu Penggal 1 (1926), Pelita Bahasa Melayu Penggal 1 (1941), Daftar Ejaan Jawi-Rumi (1949), all of which were written by Za’aba.{{harvnb|Muhammed Salehudin Aman|2019}}

By the 1930s, the Za'aba spelling became the official orthography used in Malaya and even adopted in the education system and civil administration. The Za'aba spelling also gained widespread currency in Brunei and Singapore. Following the adoption of the orthography in schools, it was called the Ejaan Sekolah ('school spelling system'). Despite its official status, the system was continuously challenged throughout the years as other linguists came up with their own suggestions for a reform.{{harvnb|Asmah Omar|1989}}{{harvnb|Leow|2018|p=89}}

During World War II, a system known as Ejaan Fajar Asia, after the Fajar Asia ('Dawn of Asia') publishing house,{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOneDwAAQBAJ&dq=Fajar+Asia+spelling&pg=PT94 | title=Issues in Malay Language Planning: Heart Truths | isbn=9781543757439 | last1=Subhan | first1=Mohamed Aidil | date=27 March 2020 }} was widely used in Malaya and Indonesia.{{cn|date=June 2022}} Both countries reverted to their respective old systems as soon as the Japanese occupation ended. In Malaya, however, there were continuous efforts to reform the spelling system. In 1956, the Third Malay Congress introduced another spelling system known as the Congress Spelling System, but it was never widely used.{{harvnb|Asmah Omar|1989}} In 1959, another reform, this time jointly initiated by Malaya and Indonesia under a Cultural Agreement, was carried out with the introduction of the Malindo system, but the system was scrapped shortly after, following the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The Za'aba spelling continued to be used up until 1972, when another major reform took place with the introduction of the New Rumi Spelling.{{harvnb|Asmah Omar|1989}}

Za'aba's orthographic system principally dealt with the assignment of vowels in final closed syllables, distinguished the schwa from the half-open vowel /e/ by a new grapheme {{angbr|ě}}, and insisted on the use of hyphens to differentiate affixes or post-positional emphases from the infinitives.{{harvnb|Asmah Omar|1989}}{{harvnb|Leow|2018|p=89}} The system emphasised the importance to represent the original pronunciation of Johor-Riau Malay, where various modern standards of Malay were derived, that Za'aba viewed as the most elegant form of Malay.{{harvnb|Leow|2018|p=89}}

There were no particular explanations by Za'aba for such amendments, but based on the reformed words, Za'aba seemed to have emphasized on the phonetic realisation in spelling to reflect their original pronunciation in Malay. This was in contrast to the Wilkinson orthography, and even Republican system in Indonesia, that emphasized more on the vowel coherency represented in the orthography.{{harvnb|Asmah Omar|1989}}{{harvnb|Mohd Zaidi Abd Rozan|Mikami|2007|p=139}}

Za'aba standardized the marking for the Malay indeterminate vowel or the schwa represented by phonetic sound {{IPAslink|ə}}, by introducing a new grapheme {{angbr|ĕ}}. By having the diacritic mark, the Za'aba system able to differentiate schwa from the half-open vowel /e/, which remains to be represented by letter {{angbr|e}}. The objective of this move, was again for the phonetic realisation in spelling to simplify the reading process.{{harvnb|Asmah Omar|1989}}{{harvnb|Leow|2018|p=89}}{{harvnb|Mohd Zaidi Abd Rozan|Mikami|2007|p=139}}

Za'aba also introduced the use of hyphens to differentiate affixes or post-positional emphases from the infinitives.{{harvnb|Mohd Zaidi Abd Rozan|Mikami|2007|p=139}}

{{reflist}}

• {{citation | author = Asmah Omar | title = The Malay Spelling Reform | journal = Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society | year = 1989 | url = http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110826053108/http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php | archive-date = 2011-08-26 }}
• {{citation | author = Muhammed Salehudin Aman | title = Sinopsis Sistem Ejaan Bahasa Melayu | publisher = Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka | year = 2019| url = http://klikweb.dbp.my/wordpress/?p=6003| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170406114150/http://klikweb.dbp.my/wordpress/?p=6003| url-status = usurped| archive-date = April 6, 2017}}
• {{citation | last= Leow | first= Rachel | title = Taming Babel: Language in the Making of Malaysia | publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2018| isbn = 978-1316602607}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Mohd Zaidi Abd Rozan |last2=Mikami |first2=Yoshiki |date=2007 |title=Orthographic Reforms of Standard Malay Online: Towards Better Pronunciation and Construction of a Cross-language Environment |journal=Journal of Universal Language |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=129–159 |doi=10.22425/jul.2007.8.1.129 |doi-access=free}}

Category:Malay language

Category:Spelling reform