Zeiss projector

A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company.

Main models include Copernican (1924), Model I (1925), Model II (1926), Model III (1957), Model IV (1957), Model V (1965), Model VI (1968), Spacemaster (1970), Cosmorana (1984), Skymaster ZKP2 (1977), and Skymaster ZKP3 (1993).{{cite web | title=Planetarium history | website=ZEISS Group | url=https://www.zeiss.com/planetariums/int/about-us/image-download/planetarium-history.html | access-date=2022-05-13}}

The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built in 1924 by the Zeiss Works of Jena, Germany.Christopher Dewdney. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3XzC207BbV4C&pg=PA278 Acquainted with the Night: Excursions Through the World After Dark]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA; 2005 [cited 14 October 2011]. {{ISBN|978-1-58234-599-4}}. p. 278–279. Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome-covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.

The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August, 1923.{{cite web | author = Mark R. Chartrand | title = A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream – The History of the Planetarium | url = http://www.ips-planetarium.org/?page=a_chartrand1973 | access-date =5 September 2012 }} It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.

History of development and production

The Mark I was created in 1923–1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector. The Mark II was developed during the 1930s by Carl Zeiss AG in Jena. Following WWII division of Germany and the founding of Carl Zeiss (West Germany) in Oberkochen (while the original Jena plant was located in East Germany), each factory developed its own line of projectors.{{cite web | author = Carl Zeiss AG | title = Planetarium projector models since 1942 | url = http://www.zeiss.com/C12567A100537AB9/Contents-Frame/0A0512B5F2441B1EC1256D09003E57DD | access-date =22 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120213162052/http://www.zeiss.com/C12567A100537AB9/Contents-Frame/0A0512B5F2441B1EC1256D09003E57DD | archive-date= 2012-02-13 }}

Marks III – VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957 to 1989. Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line. The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification.

{{As of|2011}}, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.{{cite web |url= http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/cac4e6cebbf6059841256a76004ccf45 |title=Carl Zeiss STARMASTER Models ZMP and ZMP-TD – Product Specifications |work=meditec.zeiss.com |date=2011 |access-date=23 September 2011}}

List of planetariums that have featured a Zeiss projector

Between 1923 and 2011, Zeiss manufactured a total of 631 projectors.{{Cite news

| last = Prager

| first = Lutz

| title = In Jena Optik-Kolloquium zu Planetariumsbau

| newspaper = Ostthüringer Zeitung

| location = Gera

| date = 8 February 2011

| url = http://www.otz.de/startseite/detail/-/specific/In-Jena-Optik-Kolloquium-zu-Planetariumsbau-1271386400

|access-date=4 October 2011}} Therefore, the following table is highly incomplete.

Planetarium \|\| Zeiss Projector Model \|\| Acquisition Date \|\| End Date \|\| class="unsortable" \| Remarks
class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto 1em auto 1em auto"
{{illm\|Sijthoff planetarium\|nl\|Sijthoff-planetarium}}, The Hague, Netherlands	Mark I	1934	1976	Destroyed by fire, although the projector has been restored.{{Cite web \|title=Verbrand planetarium krijgt tweede leven en komt terug naar Den Haag \|trans-title=Burned planetarium gets second life and comes back to The Hague \|website=Algemeen Dagblad \|date=1 September 2018 \|first=Albert \|last=Kok \|url=https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/verbrand-planetarium-krijgt-tweede-leven-en-komt-terug-naar-den-haag~aed9d21d/ \|language=nl }}
Silesian Planetarium, Chorzów, Poland	Mark II	1955	2018	Silesian Planetarium, the oldest Mark II still in use worldwide, the oldest and biggest planetarium in Poland. Retired in July 2018, will be reopened after upgrade in mid 2020.
Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen, Denmark	Starmaster	1989	2012	The only experienced operator in Denmark retired in 2012. Jesper H.
rowspan="2" \| Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA	Mark II/III	1930	1969	Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959 to 1961{{Cite magazine \|last=Ley \|first=Willy \|date=February 1965 \|title=Forerunners of the Planetarium \|department=For Your Information \|url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v23n02_1964-12#page/n93/mode/2up \|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction \|pages=87–98 }}{{cite web \| author = Glenn A. Walsh \| title = The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum \| url = http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com/ \| access-date =28 July 2008 }}{{cite web \| author = Steve Johnson \| title = Countdown to 'wow' \| url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-0622-focus-adler-20110621,0,6400616.column \| date = 11 June 2011 \|work=Chicago Tribune\| access-date =23 June 2011 }}
Mark VI	1969	2011	Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd.
Planetario Luis Enrique Erro, Mexico City, Mexico	Mark IV	1964	2006	It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America.{{Cite web\|author=Planetario Luis Enrique Erro (IPN)\|title=Sitio oficial del Planetario Luis Enrique Erro del Instituo Politecnico Nacional\|publisher=Instituto Politecnico Nacional\|url=http://www.planetario.ipn.mx/\|access-date=24 February 2010\|archive-date=16 October 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016170303/http://www.planetario.ipn.mx/\|url-status=dead}}. {{in lang\|es}}
[https://ceconexpo.com/planetario/ Planetario LIC. Felipe Rivera], Morelia, México. \|Mark IV \|1975 \|Present \|One of the oldest still operational in Latin America.
Planetario Simon Bolivar, Maracaibo, Venezuela	Starmaster	1968	Present	It was the second planetarium in Venezuela.
{{illm\|SDSK Budapest Planetarium\|hu\|TIT Budapesti Planetárium}}, Budapest, Hungary	Mark VI	1969	2017	The planetarium closed indefinitely in 2017 due to rain damage.
Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA	Mark II	1939	1994	Now on exhibit (but not in operation) at the Carnegie Science Center.
Ukraine. Kyiv planetarium \|Mark IV \|1988 \|Present \|The dome is the second largest in Europe with a screen area of 830 m²
Bangkok Planetarium, Bangkok, Thailand	Mark IV	1964	2016	Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 5. The projector is still inside the planetarium but not in operation.{{Cite book\|author=Bangkok Planetarium\|title=Bangkok Planetarium official website\|chapter=ความเป็นมา (History)\|publisher=Bangkok Planetarium\|url=http://www.bangkokplanetarium.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=53\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205130910/http://www.bangkokplanetarium.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=53\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=5 December 2008\|access-date=30 November 2008}}. {{in lang\|th}}
{{illm\|Denki kagakukan\|ja\|大阪市立電気科学館}}, Osaka, Japan	Mark II (No.23)	1937	1989	First Planetarium in Japan Preserved at Osaka Science Museum.
{{illm\|Tonichi Tenmonkan\|ja\|東日天文館}}, Tokyo, Japan	Mark II (No.26)	1938	{{nowrap\|25 May 1945}}	Destroyed by Bombing of Tokyo
{{illm\|Gotoh Planetarium\|ja\|五島プラネタリウム}}, Tokyo, Japan	Mark IV(No.1)	1957	2001
{{illm\|Akashi Municipal Planetarium\|ja\|明石市立天文科学館}}, Akashi, Japan	Universal(UPP)23/3	1960	Present	The oldest projector which is operating in Japan.
rowspan="2" \| Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya, Japan	Mark IV	1962	2010	Closed for renovation in August 2010
Mark IX	2011	Present	Re-opened in March 2011{{cite web\|url=http://www.ncsm.city.nagoya.jp/en/planetarium/about/summary.html \|title=Nagoya City Science Museum {{pipe}} Planetarium {{pipe}} About the Planetarium{{pipe}} Planetarium Outline \|publisher=Ncsm.city.nagoya.jp \|access-date=20 May 2012}}{{cite web\|url=http://www.zeiss.de/de/planetarium/home_e.nsf/78be232b5368b1b2c12566fe003b2602/819dac9c9d1aef7a4125687f00510aa9?OpenDocument \|title=Nagoya Science Museum \|publisher=Zeiss.de \|date=23 December 2011 \|access-date=20 May 2012}}
Fernbank Planetarium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA	Mark V	1967/8?	Present	{{cite web \| author = Fernbank Science Center Planetarium \| url = http://www.fernbank.edu/planetarium.htm \| access-date =16 July 2009 \| title=Official website of the Fernbank Science Center}}
rowspan="4" \| Hamburg Planetarium, Hamburg, Germany	Mark II	1925	1957	Projector was acquired by the City of Hamburg in 1925, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1930.
Mark IV	1957	1983
Mark VI	1983	2003
Mark IX	2006	Present
rowspan="4" \| Hayden Planetarium, New York, New York, USA	Mark II	1935	1960	rowspan="4" \|{{cite news \| author = The New York Times \| title = Updating City's Star System; Planetarium Introducing Mark IX for Outer Space \| newspaper = The New York Times \| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5D81F30F932A2575BC0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all \| access-date =7 October 2008 \| date=11 August 1999}}
Mark IV	1960	1973
Mark VI	1973	1997
Mark IX	1999	Present
{{illm\|Humboldt Planetarium\|es\|Planetario Humboldt}}, Caracas, Venezuela	Mark III (modified)	1950	Present	This planetarium is the oldest in Latin America.{{cite web \| author = Humboldt Planetarium \| title = El Planetario – Reseña Histórica \| url = http://www.planetariohumboldt.com/wordpress/?page_id=2 \| access-date = 4 January 2009 \| archive-date = 31 March 2009 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331032634/http://www.planetariohumboldt.com/wordpress/?page_id=2 \| url-status = dead }}Planetario Humboldt at Spanish Wikipedia {{in lang\|es}}
Johannesburg Planetarium, Johannesburg, South Africa	Mark III (upgraded from Mark II)	1960	Present	Acquired from the city of Hamburg and upgraded to Mark III prior to installation.{{cite web \| author = Johannesburg Planetarium \| title = History of the Planetarium \| url = http://www.planetarium.co.za/history.html \| access-date = 26 January 2012 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133640/http://www.planetarium.co.za/history.html \| archive-date = 4 March 2016}}
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada	Mark Vs	1967	Present	{{cite web \|author=The Manitoba Museum \|title=Planetarium General Information \|url=https://manitobamuseum.ca/planetarium/ \|access-date=28 July 2008}}
Telus World of Science Edmonton, Edmonton, Canada		1984	2008	{{Cite web \|title='Sophie' the Star Projector \|date=27 November 2024 \|url=https://telusworldofscienceedmonton.ca/learn/sophie-star-projector/ \|language=en }}
Galileo Galilei planetarium, Buenos Aires, Argentina	Mark V	1967	2011	Replaced by MEGASTAR II A{{cite web \| url=http://www.planetario.gob.ar/n_tecnologia.html \| title=Planetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires - Tecnología innovaciones y actualizaciones \| access-date=21 November 2017 \| language=es}}
rowspan="2" \| Morehead Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA	Mark II	1949	1969	rowspan="2" \|{{cite web \| author = The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill \| title = Morehead History \| url = http://www.moreheadplanetarium.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&filename=history1.html \| access-date =28 July 2008 }}
Mark VI	1969	6 May 2011
Planetarium of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya \|Spacemaster \|1980 \|2007 \|not in operate but Still in the building
James S. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri, USA	Mark IX	2001	Present	replaced an Evans & Sutherland Digistar{{cite web \| author = The St. Louis Science Center \| title = James S. McDonnell Planetarium \| url = http://www.slsc.org/content.aspx?id=387 \| access-date =1 August 2008 }}
rowspan="2" \| Samuel Oschin Planetarium, Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California, USA	Mark IV	1964	2006
Mark IX	2006	Present
Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester, New York, USA	Mark VI	1968	Present	Originally cost $240,234 – in 1968 dollars.{{cite web \| author = Strasenburgh \| title = RMSC Strasenburgh Planetarium – The Star Projector \| url = http://www.rmsc.org/StrasenburghPlanetarium/About/StarProjector/ \| access-date =4 September 2008 }}
Planetario de Bogotá, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia	Mark VI	1969	Present	{{cite web \|url=http://www.planetariodebogota.gov.co/historia.php \|title=Planetario de Bogotá – Historia \|work=planetariodebogota.gov.co \|date=2011 \|access-date=23 September 2011 \|language=es \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007070435/http://www.planetariodebogota.gov.co/historia.php \|archive-date=7 October 2011}}
Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado, USA	Mark VI	1975	2012	Replaced by an Ohira Tech MEGASTAR.{{cite web\| url = http://fiske.colorado.edu/history.php\| title = A Brief History of Fiske Planetarium\| publisher = University of Colorado at Boulder\| access-date = 31 July 2010\| url-status = dead\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100603195903/http://fiske.colorado.edu/history.php\| archive-date = 3 June 2010}}
{{illm\|Planetario Universidad de Santiago\|es\|Planetario Chile}}, Santiago, Chile	Mark VI	1972	Present	{{cite web \| author = USACH \| title = Infraestructura Planetario USACH\| url = http://www.planetariochile.cl/infraestructura/ \| access-date = 4 October 2013 }}{{cite web \| author = Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division \| title = Planetario Universidad de Santiago \| url = http://planetariums.zeiss.com/planetariums/en_de/references/americas/south-america/santiagodechile.html \| access-date = 4 October 2013 \|language=es}}
rowspan="2" \| {{illm\|Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium\|pt\|Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian}}, Lisbon, Portugal	UPP 23/4	1965	2004	rowspan="2" \|{{cite web \| title = Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian \| url = http://planetario.online.pt/ \| access-date =18 July 2009 \|language=pt}}
Mark IX	2005	Present
Delafield Planetarium, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA	Skymaster ZKP-3	2000	Present	{{cite web \| author = The Council of Independent Colleges \| url = http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library?a=d&d=p48 \| access-date =31 May 2011 \| title = Historic Campus Architecture Project: Bradley Observatory and Delafield Planetarium}}
rowspan="2" \|Charles Hayden Planetarium, Boston Museum of Science, Boston, MA, USA	Mark VI	1970	2010	[http://www.rainydaymagazine.com/RDM2011/Home/January/Week4/RDMHomeJan3111.htm Rainy Day Science : Museum Of Science Planetarium – 31 January 2011]. Rainydaymagazine.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.
Starmaster	2011	Present	[http://www.mos.org/media/docs/press/20110207Feb_11_Planetarium_Reopening_Release_FINAL_PDF.pdf Museum of Science Hosts World Premiere of Original Astronomy Show Undiscovered Worlds: The Search Beyond Our Sun at Grand Reopening of Charles Hayden Planetarium]. Museum of Science. 13 February 2011
Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India	Mark IV	1977	2003	Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3{{Cite web\|title=Nehru Centre Mumbai \|url=http://www.nehru-centre.org/planetarium.html \|website=Nehru Centre \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226191622/http://www.nehru-centre.org/planetarium.html \|archive-date=26 December 2012}}
Planetario Ulrico Hoepli, Milan, Italy	Mark IV	1968	Present	{{Cite web \|title= Planetario di Milano - Lo strumento planetario\| url=http://www.comune.milano.it/dseserver/webcity/documenti.nsf/a05ac22aa8296639012567b6005b1193/6730c11a673988c0c1256e4600443785?OpenDocument\| access-date=16 November 2014\| language= it}}
Planetario Ciudad de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina	Mark IV	1962	Present	Projector was acquired by the City of Rosario in 1962, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1984:es:Complejo Astronómico Municipal
rowspan="2" \| Planetarium (Belgium), Brussels, BELGIUM	Mark II	1935	1966	rowspan="2" \| Planetarium was closed between 1939 and 1954. Closed again in 1966. Building and projector were destroyed in 1969. A new building with a new projector was built in 1976.{{cite web \| title = Association des planétariums de langue française \| url = http://www.aplf-planetariums.info/index.php?onglet=planetariums&menu=fiche_planetarium&filtre=759 \| access-date =5 August 2015 }}{{cite web \| title = Planetarium.be \| url = http://www.planetarium.be \| access-date =5 August 2015 }}{{cite web \| title = UPP 23/5 nl \| url = http://planetarium.be/erfgoed.pdf \| access-date =5 August 2015 }}{{cite web \| title = UPP 23/5 fr \| url = http://planetarium.be/patrimoine.pdf \| access-date =5 August 2015 }}
UPP 23/5	1976	present
rowspan="3" \| Moscow Planetarium, Moscow, Russia	Mark II	1929	1976	Details preserved at Moscow Planetarium
Mark VI	1977	1994	Preserved at Moscow Planetarium Planetarium ceased work in 1994
Mark IX	2010	Present	Projector was acquired in 2010, the planetarium was renovated and opened to the public in 2011
London Planetarium, Baker Street, London, UK	Mark IV	1958	1995	Now in Science Museum collection.{{cite web \| title = Planetarian Article \| url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ips-planetarium.org/resource/resmgr/pdf-pubs/AA_Files_66_Firebrace.pdf.}}{{cite web \| title = Science Museum entry \| url=http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co520540/zeiss-orrery-projector-from-london-planetarium-1950-60-projectors-image-projector-demonstration-models-orreries-planetaria-models}}
Chabot Space and Science Center, Oakland, California, USA \|Mark VIII \|1999 \|Present \|As of 2016, the Mark VIII projector unit was successfully repaired, after several years being dysfunctional.
Cozmix, Bruges, Belgium	ZKP 3b	2002	Present	{{cite web \| title = Planetarium website \| url = http://www.cozmix.be/en/home}}
Espaço do Conhecimento do UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil	ZKP 4	2010	Present	{{cite web \| title = Planetarium website \| url = http://www.espacodoconhecimento.org.br/descubra/planetario/ }}
Dow Planetarium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Mark V	1966	2011	Now at exhibit at the new planetarium{{cite web \| title = Montreal Planetarium Press kit \| url = http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/planetarium/Medias/Documents/planetarium_an.pdf }}
Sri Lanka Planetarium, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Mark IV	1965	Present	This was a gift from east Germany
Planetário Professor Francisco José Gomes Ribeiro (Colégio Estadual do Paraná), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil \|ZKP 1	1978	Present
Planetário da Fundação Espaço Cultural, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil \|Spacemaster \|1982 \|Present \| {{cite web \| title = FUNESC \| date = 6 July 2016 \| url = https://planetarios.org.br/planetarios/planetario-do-espaco-cultural-da-paraiba/ }}
Birla Planetarium, Kolkata, India \|Universal \|1962 \| \|{{Cite journal \|last=Kulkarni \|first=A. G. \|date=June 1981 \|title=Planetaria in India \|url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ips-planetarium.org/resource/resmgr/planetarian/v10n2-1981qtr2.pdf \|journal=Planetarian \|publisher=International Planetarium Society \|volume=10 \|issue=2 \|pages=27}}
Sardar Patel Planetarium, Vadodara, India \|Spacemaster \|1976 \| \|
Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India \|Universal \|1977 \| \|
rowspan="2" \|Sternwarte Planetarium SIRIUS, Schwanden near Sigriswil, Switzerland \|ZKP 2 \|2000 \|2014 \|
ZKP 4 \|2014 \|Present \|

References

External links

[http://www.zeiss.de/C12567B00038CD75/?Open Zeiss Planetariums]

Category:Planetarium projection

Category:Carl Zeiss AG

Zeiss projector

History of development and production

List of planetariums that have featured a Zeiss projector

See also

References

External links