Zika virus vaccine#Viral vector-based vaccines
{{Short description|Vaccine in development}}
A Zika virus vaccine is designed to prevent the symptoms and complications of Zika virus infection in humans. As Zika virus infection of pregnant women may result in congenital defects in the newborn, the vaccine will attempt to protect against congenital Zika syndrome during the current or any future outbreak.{{cite web|title=Zika virus vaccine product development|url=https://www.who.int/immunization/research/development/zika/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719120833/http://www.who.int/immunization/research/development/zika/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 19, 2016|website=World Health Organization}}
DNA vaccine
File:Vial of NIAID Zika Virus Investigational DNA Vaccine (29243637911).jpg
As of March 31, 2017 a DNA vaccine has been approved for Phase 2 clinical trials in humans.{{cite web|title=Phase 2 Zika Vaccine Trial Begins in U.S., Central and South America {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/phase-2-zika-vaccine-trial-begins-us-central-and-south-america|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|language=en}} The vaccine consists of a DNA plasmid encoding the E and PrM proteins which make up the outer protein coat of the Zika virus virion.{{cite journal|last1=Dowd|first1=KA|last2=Ko|first2=SY|last3=Morabito|first3=KM|last4=Yang|first4=ES|last5=Pelc|first5=RS|last6=DeMaso|first6=CR|last7=Castilho|first7=LR|last8=Abbink|first8=P|last9=Boyd|first9=M|last10=Nityanandam|first10=R|last11=Gordon|first11=DN|last12=Gallagher|first12=JR|last13=Chen|first13=X|last14=Todd|first14=JP|last15=Tsybovsky|first15=Y|last16=Harris|first16=A|last17=Huang|first17=YS|last18=Higgs|first18=S|last19=Vanlandingham|first19=DL|last20=Andersen|first20=H|last21=Lewis|first21=MG|last22=De La Barrera|first22=R|last23=Eckels|first23=KH|last24=Jarman|first24=RG|last25=Nason|first25=MC|last26=Barouch|first26=DH|last27=Roederer|first27=M|last28=Kong|first28=WP|author29-link=John R. Mascola|last29=Mascola|first29=JR|last30=Pierson|first30=TC|author31-link=Barney S. Graham|last31=Graham|first31=BS|title=Rapid development of a DNA vaccine for Zika virus|journal=Science|date=14 October 2016|volume=354|issue=6309|pages=237–240|pmid=27708058|pmc=5304212|bibcode=2016Sci...354..237D|doi=10.1126/science.aai9137}} Based on a previous platform used to develop a West Nile virus vaccine, the DNA vaccine is designed to assemble protein particles that mimic Zika virus and trigger the body's immune response.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
Purified inactivated vaccine (ZPIV)
A purified inactivated vaccine is currently under development by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.{{cite web|title=Testing of Investigational Inactivated Zika Vaccine in Humans Begins {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/testing-investigational-inactivated-zika-vaccine-humans-begins|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Lecouturier |first1=Valérie |last2=Pavot |first2=Vincent |last3=Berry |first3=Catherine |last4=Donadieu |first4=Arnaud |last5=de Montfort |first5=Aymeric |last6=Boudet |first6=Florence |last7=Rokbi |first7=Bachra |last8=Jackson |first8=Nicolas |last9=Heinrichs |first9=Jon |title=An optimized purified inactivated Zika vaccine provides sustained immunogenicity and protection in cynomolgus macaques |journal=npj Vaccines |date=12 March 2020 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=19 |doi=10.1038/s41541-020-0167-8 |pmid=32194996 |pmc=7067768 |language=en |issn=2059-0105|doi-access=free }} This vaccine is based on the same technology used to develop a vaccine against Japanese Encephalitis Virus. As the ZPIV vaccine contains inactivated Zika particles, the virus cannot replicate and cause disease in humans. U.S. Army researchers agreed to give Sanofi permission to develop the technology, but protest in Congress halted the venture. Initial results at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and at other hospitals involved in the early clinical trials were considered to be promising.Reuters. Steenhuysen, Julie and Chang, Richard. (4 December 2017). "Trial results of Zika vaccine Sanofi dropped show promise". [http://wibqam.com/news/articles/2017/dec/05/trial-results-of-zika-vaccine-sanofi-dropped-show-promise/ WIBQ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617152832/https://wibqam.com/news/articles/2017/dec/05/trial-results-of-zika-vaccine-sanofi-dropped-show-promise/ |date=2019-06-17 }} Retrieved 13 December 2017.Modjarrad, Kayvon; Lin, Leyi; George, Sarah L.; et al. (4 December 2017). "Preliminary aggregate safety and immunogenicity results from three trials of a purified inactivated Zika virus vaccine candidate: phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials." [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)33106-9/fulltext The Lancet] DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33106-9 | Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Live attenuated vaccine
A live attenuated vaccine, in which the virus is genetically altered as to not cause disease in humans, is undergoing phase 1 clinical trials. This vaccine is based on the dengue vaccine Dengvaxia, which has been approved for use in humans.{{cite web|title=Zika Virus Vaccines {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/zika-vaccines|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|date=16 August 2018 |language=en}}
mRNA vaccine
A modified mRNA vaccine developed in collaboration with Moderna Therapeutics containing the E and PrM proteins is undergoing concurrent phase 1 and 2 clinical trials.{{cite web |title=Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1325 in Healthy Adult Subjects - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov |date=6 December 2019 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03014089 |language=en}}{{cite journal|last1=Fernandez|first1=E|last2=Diamond|first2=MS|title=Vaccination strategies against Zika virus|journal=Current Opinion in Virology|date=19 April 2017|volume=23|pages=59–67|doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.006|pmid=28432975|pmc=5576498}}
Viral vector-based vaccines
Multiple vaccines are also being developed using safe, non-pathogenic, viruses as vectors for immunogenic Zika virus proteins. One phase 1 trial is using the Measles virus as a vector and was completed in April 2018.{{cite web |title=Zika-Vaccine Dose Finding Study Regarding Safety, Immunogenicity and Tolerability - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov |date=21 June 2021 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02996890 |language=en}} Another vaccine platform makes use of Adenovirus as a vector and phase 1 studies will be complete in 2019.{{cite web |title=A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Ad26.ZIKV.001 in Healthy Adult Volunteers |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03356561 |language=en|access-date=25 July 2018}} Adenoviruses have been previously used as a vaccine platform for HIV and elicit a strong immune response.{{cite journal |last1=Baden |first1=LR |last2=Karita |first2=E |last3=Mutua |first3=G |last4=Bekker |first4=LG |last5=Gray |first5=G |last6=Page-Shipp |first6=L |last7=Walsh |first7=SR |last8=Nyombayire |first8=J |last9=Anzala |first9=O |last10=Roux |first10=S |last11=Laher |first11=F |last12=Innes |first12=C |last13=Seaman |first13=MS |last14=Cohen |first14=YZ |last15=Peter |first15=L |last16=Frahm |first16=N |last17=McElrath |first17=MJ |last18=Hayes |first18=P |last19=Swann |first19=E |last20=Grunenberg |first20=N |last21=Grazia-Pau |first21=M |last22=Weijtens |first22=M |last23=Sadoff |first23=J |last24=Dally |first24=L |last25=Lombardo |first25=A |last26=Gilmour |first26=J |last27=Cox |first27=J |last28=Dolin |first28=R |last29=Fast |first29=P |last30=Barouch |first30=DH |last31=Laufer |first31=DS |last32=B003-IPCAVD004-HVTN091 Study |first32=Group. |title=Assessment of the Safety and Immunogenicity of 2 Novel Vaccine Platforms for HIV-1 Prevention: A Randomized Trial |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=1 March 2016 |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=313–22 |doi=10.7326/M15-0880 |pmid=26833336|pmc=5034222 }} A chimeric Binjari-Zika vaccine is highly effective for immunization in mice.{{cite journal|author=Hazlewood JE|author2=Tang B|author3=Yan K|author4=Rawle DJ|author5=Harrison JJ|author6=Hall RA|author7=Hobson-Peters J|author8=Suhrbier A|doi=10.3390/vaccines10010085|doi-access=free |title=The Chimeric Binjari-Zika Vaccine Provides Long-Term Protection against ZIKA Virus Challenge |year=2022 |journal=Vaccines |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=85 |pmid=35062746 |pmc=8781009 }}