Zimbabwe Defence Forces
{{Short description|Combined military forces of Zimbabwe}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Zimbabwe Defence forces
| native_name = Mauto eZimbabwe
| image = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1980|5|18|df=yes}}
| current_form =
| disbanded =
| branches = {{army|Zimbabwe}}
{{air force|Zimbabwe}}
| headquarters = Harare
| flying_hours =
| website =
| commander-in-chief = Emmerson Mnangagwa
| commander-in-chief_title = President
| chief minister =
| chief minister_title =
| minister = Oppah Muchinguri
| minister_title = Minister of Defence
| commander = Philip Valerio Sibanda
| commander_title = Chief of Defense
| age =
| conscription = N/A
| manpower_data = 2017
| manpower_age =
| available = 5,500,000
| available_f =
| fit = 3,175,000
| fit_f =
| reaching = 310,000
| reaching_f =
| active = 29,000 active{{sfn|IISS|2019|p=500}}
21,800 paramilitary{{sfn|IISS|2019|p=500}}
| ranked = 83rd
| reserve =
| deployed =
| amount = $1.7 billion (2022){{sfn|IISS|2019|p=499}}
| percent_GDP = 2.16% (2018){{sfn|IISS|2019|p=499}}
| domestic_suppliers =
| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|Russia}}
{{China}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/24457/as-the-u-s-disengages-russia-ramps-up-aid-and-arms-sales-to-sub-saharan-africa|title=As the U.S. Disengages, Russia Ramps up Aid and Arms Sales to Sub-Saharan Africa}}
| imports =
| exports =
| history = Military history of Zimbabwe
| ranks = Military ranks of Zimbabwe
}}
The Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) are the military forces responsible for the defence of Zimbabwe against external threats from other countries, and also to suppress internal armed factions. It is composed of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) and the Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ). (As a landlocked country Zimbabwe does not have a navy). Since December 2017 the ZDF is headed by General Philip Valerio Sibanda.
Ministry of Defence
In July 1994 the combined Zimbabwe Defence Forces Headquarters was created.
Manpower
In 2007, the Zimbabwe National Army had an estimated strength of 29,000 and the Air Force of Zimbabwe had an estimated 4,000 men assigned. name=IISS2007>{{cite book|author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge Journals |location=Abingdon |isbn=978-1-85743-437-8 }} Page 299.
History
{{main|Military history of Zimbabwe}}
After a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces, culminating in a peace agreement in December 1979, Robert Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe on 11 April 1980 following his ZANU–PF party winning the general election. Mugabe declared that integrating Zimbabwe's three armed forces would be one of Zimbabwe's top priorities. The existing Rhodesian Army was combined with the two guerrilla armies; the 20,000-strong Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) forces of ZANU–PF and the 15,000-strong Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) forces of PF-Zimbabwe African People's Union. A British Military Assistance and Training Team played a pivotal role in assisting the creation of the new army, and was still in place in 2000.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/uk-urged-to-keep-force-in-zimbabwe-719089.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/uk-urged-to-keep-force-in-zimbabwe-719089.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | location=London | work=The Independent | title=UK urged to keep force in Zimbabwe | date=16 April 2000}}{{cbignore}} Meanwhile the Rhodesian Air Force was reorganised as the Air Force of Zimbabwe.
= Mozambique Civil War =
{{Main|Mozambique Civil War}}
The Mozambique Civil War was a long-running conflict between the Marxist FRELIMO Government, and anti-communist RENAMO insurgents. During the 1970's, Rhodesian intelligence supported the rebel group, but in the years following the election of Robert Mugabe in 1980, the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) switched to support the FRELIMO Government, in order to protect Zimbabwe's eastern city of Mutare and the strategic railway line to Mozambique's port city of Beira which were being attacked by RENAMO.{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe's Military Involvement in Mozambique1982 - 1992 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205234951/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/defencedigest/defdigest03.html#1 |website=SACDI Defence Digest |access-date=17 May 2024}}
=Operation Restore Legacy=
{{Main|2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état}}
In October 2017, the ZDF was involved in a coup d'état which resulted in the resignation of long-serving President Robert Mugabe and the formation of a new government under Emmerson Mnangagwa.{{Cite news|last=Cropley|first=MacDonald Dzirutwe, Joe Brock, Ed|date=2017-11-27|title=Special Report: 'Treacherous shenanigans' - The inside story of Mugabe's downfall|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-politics-mugabe-specialrepor-idUSKBN1DQ0AG|access-date=2021-05-30}}
Notes
References
- {{cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=4 May 2022}}
- {{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2019| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=15 February 2019| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=9781857439885| ref={{sfnref|IISS|2019}} }}
- [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-politics-mugabe-specialrepor/special-report-treacherous-shenanigans-the-inside-story-of-mugabes-downfall-idUSKBN1DQ0AG Reuters Report]
- Central Intelligence Organisation
- https://www.enca.com/africa/full-statement-by-zim-army-on-state-broadcaster
- [https://news.pindula.co.zw/2017/11/17/zrp-support-unit-attempted-to-arrest-general-chiwenga-when-he-returned-from-china/ Operation Restore Legacy]
Further reading
- Abiodun Alao, 'The Metamorphosis of the Unorthodox: The Integration and Development of the Zimbabwe National Army' (chapter in book compiled by Terence Ranger, 'Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War'), 1995
- Norma J. Kriger, ‘Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics,’ 1980–1987, Cambridge UP, 2003
- {{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence - H/Q |date=2011 |title=The Zimbabwe Defence Forces: Resolute in defence of national gains, peace and security |url=http://www.defence.gov.zw/ |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=Ministry of Defence}}