Ziryab

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Ziryab

| native_name = {{lang|ar|زرياب}}

| birth_name = Abu al-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi ({{Langx|ar|أبو الحسن علي بن نافع}})

| birth_date = {{circa}} 789

| birth_place = In the area of modern day Iraq, possibly Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate

| death_date = {{circa}} 27 January {{death year and age|857|789|}}

| death_place = Córdoba, Emirate of Córdoba

| occupation = linguist, geographer, poet, chemist, musician, singer astronomer, gastronomist, etiquette and fashion advisor

| image = Monumento a Ziryab 002.JPG

| caption = Monument of Ziryab represented as a blackbird in Córdoba, Spain

}}

Abu al-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi{{'}} ({{langx|ar|أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع, زریاب|rtl=yes}};{{Cite book |title=The different aspects of islamic culture: The Spread of Islam throughout the World |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=9789231041532 |pages=437 |language=en}} {{circa}} 789–{{circa}} 857{{cite book |last=Gill |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGY2fSXko5kC&pg=PA81 |title=Andalucia: A Cultural History |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-537610-4 |page=81}}), commonly known as Ziryab, was a singer, oud and lute player, composer, poet, and teacher. He lived and worked in what is now Iraq, Northern Africa and Andalusia during the medieval Islamic period. He was also a polymath, with knowledge in astronomy, geography, meteorology, botanics, cosmetics, culinary art, and fashion.

His nickname, "Ziryab", comes from the Persian and Kurdish{{Cite book |title=The Journal of American Folk-lore |publisher=American Folk-lore Society |year=2007 |volume=120 |pages=314 |language=en}} word for jay-bird {{lang|fa|زرياب}}, pronounced "Zaryāb". He was also known as {{lang|es|Mirlo}} ('blackbird') in Spanish. He was active at the Umayyad court of Córdoba in Islamic Iberia. He first achieved fame at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, his birthplace, as a performer and student of the musician and composer Ibrahim al-Mawsili.

Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ibrahim al-Mawsili in Baghdad, where he got his beginner lessons. He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun and moved to Córdoba, where he was accepted as a court musician in the court of Abd ar-Rahman II of the Umayyad Dynasty.

Early life

790 CE: Ziryab was most likely born in Baghdad. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, he was born around 175 AH/790 into a family of mawali of the caliph al-Mahdi.{{cite book |last1=H.G. |first1=Farmer |title=ZIRYĀB |last2=E. |first2=Neubauer |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8172}} His ethnic origin is unclear. Based on his appearance and background, different sources suggest him to be of Persian,{{Cite book |last=O'Callaghan |first=Joseph F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVMJAgAAQBAJ&q=ziryab+persian+a+history+of+medieval+spain&pg=PT208 |title=A History of Medieval Spain |date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801468711 |language=en |quote="The most influential courtier was the musician Ziryab, a Persian, who had held high position in the court at Baghdad"}}{{cite book |last=Monroe |first=James T. |title=Hispano-Arabic poetry: a student anthology |date=30 January 2004 |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC |quote=Modernism had been brought from the court of Harun ar-Rashid by Ziryab, the Persian singer who became an arbiter ...}}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Al-Andalus, Poetry of |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190681173.001.0001/acref-9780190681173-e-0025?rskey=Ri2Mfj&result=14 |date=24 August 2017 |editor-last1=Greene |editor-first1=Roland |edition=4 |isbn=9780691154916 |quote=(...) in the career of Abū al-Ḥassan ʿAlī ibn Nafayni (known as Ziryāb), a 9th-c. ce Iranian polymath who, arriving in Córdoba, used the prestige of his origins to set the court fashions in poetry, music, and manners in accordance with those of Baghdad. |last2=Barletta |first2=V. |last1=Scheindlin |first1=R. P.}} Kurdish,{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=John |title=Andalucia A Cultural History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199704514 |publication-date=2008 |pages=81 |language=en}} Sindi,{{Cite book |last=Zuhur |first=Sherifa |author-link=Sherifa Zuhur |url= |title=Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East |date=2001 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-607-4 |page=324 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Yusuf |first=Zohra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YcHAQAAMAAJ |title=Rhythms of the Lower Indus: Perspectives on the Music of Sindh |date=1988 |publisher=Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh |pages=31–32 |language=en |via=University of Michigan}} African, or mixed Arab-African descent.{{Cite book |last=Gioia |first=Ted |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZUKBgAAQBAJ&dq=ziryab+african&pg=PA89 |title=Love Songs: The Hidden History |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935757-4 |language=en}}

Ziryab was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world.{{Cite web |last=Deboick |first=Sophia |date=2021-03-07 |title=Baghdad - music's fertile territory |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-the-music-of-baghdad-7791092/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The New European |language=en-GB}} The musician Ibrahim al-Mawsili was Ziryab's teacher.{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001b |title=Ziryāb |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000031002 |last=Neubauer |first=Eckhard |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.31002 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription}} {{Grove Music subscription}}

Career

813 CE: Ziryab left Baghdad during the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to Syria and then Ifriqiya (Tunisia) in Kairouan, where he lived at the Aghlabid court of Ziyadat Allah (ruled 816–837).{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=Joel |title=The Language of the Heart |publisher=KDP |year=2019 |isbn=978-1070100906 |pages=234–237}}

There are conflicting accounts of why Ziryab left the court. He may have had a falling out with Ziyadat Allah by offending him or some powerful figure with his musical talent.{{Citation |title=Medieval Iberia |year=1997 |editor=Constable, Olivia Remie |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}} One account recorded by al-Maqqari says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city.{{Citation |title=The Literature of Al-Andalus |year=2000 |editor=Menocal, María Rosa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor2=Raymond P. Scheindlin |editor3=Michael Anthony Sells}} Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.{{Citation |author=Davila, Carl |title=Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World |volume=21 |number=2 |year=2009 |publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean}}

822 CE: He was invited to Al-Andalus by the Umayyad prince, Al-Hakam I (ruled 796–822). He found on arrival in Al-Andalus that prince Al-Hakam I had died, but his son, Abd ar-Rahman II, renewed his father's invitation. He was an intimate companion of the prince. Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. Ziryab settled in Córdoba in what is now Spain with a monthly salary of 200 gold Dinars.

Reputation

Ziryab's career flourished in Al-Andalus. According to Ibn Hayyan, 'Ali Ibn Nafi' was called Blackbird because of his dark complexion, the clarity of his voice, and "the sweetness of his character."{{cite journal |author=Robert W. Lebling Jr |title=Flight of the Blackbird |others=Illustrated by Norman MacDonald |journal=Saudi Aramco World |volume=54 |issue=4 |url=http://www.la-barraca.be/azyriab.pdf |pages=24–33 |date=July–August 2003}}

As the Islamic armies conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th-century conquest of nearly all of Hispania, which they renamed Al-Andalus, the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time. Muslims were greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. Muslims and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well-known centers for music within the Islamic world. During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world moved to Iberia. In reputation, Ziryab surpassed them all. Al-Maqqari states in his Nafh al-Tib{{Cite book |last=texte |first=Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Makkari al-Maliki al-Maghribi al-Ashʿari Auteur du |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10030873v |title=Kitab nafh al-tib min ghousn al-Andalous al-ratib wa dzikr waziriha Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib, histoire politique et littéraire de l'Espagne, par Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Makkari al-Maliki al-Maghribi al-Ashʿari, dont la première partie traite de la géographie et de l'histoire de l'Espagne, et la seconde, de la biographie du vizir Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib. |date=1765–1766 |language=EN}} (Fragrant Breeze): "There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired".

In Cordoba, he was celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing, and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. He established a school of music that trained singers and musicians and which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.

He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Iberia for generations. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the Andalusian music traditions of North Africa.

Ziryab was a "major trendsetter of his time" creating trends in fashion, hairstyles, and hygiene. His students took these trends with them throughout Europe and North Africa.{{cite book |title=1001 inventions & awesome facts from Muslim civilization. |date=2012 |publisher=National Geographic |isbn=978-1-4263-1258-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=18}} Ziryab also became the example of how a courtier, a person who attended aristocratic courts, should act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.

Descendants

According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence. These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his repertoire in the following generation.

Contributions

=Music=

Ziryab is said to have improved the oud (or Laúd) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul. Ziryab's Baghdadi musical style became very popular in the court of Abd al-Rahman II.

According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or Nuba, which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.

He established one of the first schools of music in Córdoba. This school incorporated both male and female students, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time. According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.

=Fashion and hygiene=

Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season. He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henri Terrasse, a French historian of North Africa, commented that legend attributes winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress of the Orient" found in Morocco today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general..."Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp. 52–53.

He created a deodorant to get rid of bad odors, promoted morning and evening baths, and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Iberia. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste".{{cite web |last1=Robert W. |first1=Lebling Jr. |title=Flight of the Blackbird |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200304/flight.of.the.blackbird.htm |website=Saudi Aramco World}}

According to Al-Maqqari, before the arrival of Ziryab, men and women of al-Andalus in the Cordoban court wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders. Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,".Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The Legacy of Muslim Spain, p. 117, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09599-3}} He popularized shaving the face among men and set new haircut trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair's condition.{{citation|last=Lebling Jr.|first=Robert W.|title=Flight of the Blackbird|journal=Saudi Aramco World|date=July–August 2003|pages=24–33|url=http://www.islamicspain.tv/Arts-and-Science/flight_of_the_blackbird.htm|access-date=28 January 2008}} He is alleged by some to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite. However, this is not supported by the early sources.

=Cuisine=

Ziryab "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruits and vegetables such as asparagus. He insisted that meals should be served on leathern tablecloths in three separate courses consisting of soup, the main course, and dessert.{{cite AV media |people=Susanne Utzt, Sahar Eslah, Martin Carazo Mendez, Christian Twente |date=30 October 2016 |title=Große Völker 2: Die Araber |trans-title=Great peoples 2: The Arabs |medium=Video documentary |language=de |url=https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/terra-x/grosse-voelker-die-araber-100.html |access-date=13 January 2017 |time=24:05 min |location=Germany |publisher=Terra X via ZDF}} Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the Romans.

He also introduced the use of crystal as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal. This claim is supported by accounts of him cutting large crystal goblets. He is also said to have popularized wine drinking.{{Cite book|title=Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia| last=Gerli|first=Michael |publisher=Routledge|year=2003|page=850}}

Notes

References

Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.
[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200407/flight.of.the.blackbird-.compilation..htm Flight of the Blackbird] Robert W. Lebling Jr., Saudi Aramco World July/August 2003.
{{Cite book|title=The Language of the Heart|last=Epstein|first=Joel|publisher=KDP|year=2019|isbn=978-1070100906}}

Other sources

Encyclopaedia of Islam
al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
The Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldoun, [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter5/Ch_5_31.htm Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."]
Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
al-'Iqd al-farid by Ibn 'Abd Rabbih
Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by Al-Humaydī
Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by Ibn Sa'id