Zygophyllaceae
{{short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|taxon=Zygophyllaceae
|image=Larrea tridentata 1.jpg
|image_caption=Larrea tridentata
|authority=R.Br.
|subdivision_ranks=Subfamilies
|subdivision=Larreoideae
|synonyms=*Balanitaceae Endl. (1841)
- Krameriaceae Dumort. (1829) (optional synonym)
- Tribulaceae Trautv. (1853){{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1210 |title=Zygophyllaceae R. Br., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |access-date=2009-09-25}}
|}}
Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera.{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=261 |pages=201–217 |url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 |issue=3 |publisher=Magnolia Press |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C }}
Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habitats. The leaves are usually opposite, often with stipules and spines. Some are cultivated as ornamental plants, such as species of the Guaiacum, Zygophyllum, Tribulus, and Larrea genera.[https://web.archive.org/web/20050203173829/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/zygophyl.htm Zygophyllaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz] (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. King Clone, a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in California, is among the world's oldest living organisms.
The distribution of plants in the Zygophyllaceae family can be found worldwide in warm tropics and cool-temperate subtropics with a concentration in hot, arid regions with alkaline soils.{{cite book | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_113-1 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_113-1 | chapter=Zygophyllaceae | title=Dicotyledons: Rosids | date=2022 | last1=Smith | first1=G. F. | last2=Figueiredo | first2=E. | pages=1–5 | isbn=978-3-030-85239-9 }} Regions with different species from this family include Africa, south Asia, India, Australia and parts of the United States.{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Zygophyllales | title=Zygophyllales | Desert & Tropical Plants, Medicinal Uses | Britannica }}
Genera
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
;Subfamily Larreoideae
- Bulnesia Gay
- Guaiacum L.
- Larrea Cav.
- Pintoa Gay
- Porlieria Ruiz & Pav.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2051 |title=Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Larreoideae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-08-15}}
;Subfamily Morkillioideae
- Morkillia Rose & J.H.Painter
- Sericodes A.Gray
- Viscainoa Greene{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2054 |title=Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Morkillioideae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-08-15}}
;Subfamily Seetzenioideae
- Seetzenia R.Br. ex Decne.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2052 |title=Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Seetzenioideae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-08-15}}
;Subfamily Tribuloideae
- Balanites Delile
- Kallstroemia Scop.
- Kelleronia Schinz
- Neoluederitzia Schinz
- Sisyndite E.Mey. ex Sond.
- Tribulopis R.Br.
- Tribulus L.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2053 |title=Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Tribuloideae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-08-15}}
;Subfamily Zygophylloideae{{Citation |last1=Beier |first1=B.-A. |last2=Chase |first2=M. W. |last3=Thulin |first3=M. |date=2003 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) based on molecular and morphological data |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=240 |issue=1–4 |pages=11–39 |doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0007-0 |bibcode=2003PSyEv.240...11B |s2cid=9299742 |name-list-style=amp }}
- Augea Thunb. – synonym of Zygophyllum{{cite web |title=Augea Thunb. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331376-2 |access-date=2021-06-02 }}
- Fagonia L. – synonym of Zygophyllum{{cite web |title=Fagonia Tourn. ex L..|work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30049940-2|access-date=2025-02-04 }}
- Melocarpum (Engl.) Beier & Thulin
- Miltianthus {{small|Bunge}}
- Roepera A.Juss.
- Tetraena Maxim. – synonym of Zygophyllum{{cite web |title=Tetraena Maxim.|work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:41744-1|access-date=2021-06-02 }}
- Zygophyllum L.
;Unplaced
- Metharme Phil. ex Engl.
- Plectrocarpa Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1210 |title=Genera of Zygophyllaceae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-08-15}}
}}
Peganum was in Zygophyllaceae before being moved to the newly created family Nitrariaceae.
Systematics
In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales. In the previous version of their classification system, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group had included the option of placing Krameria within Zygophyllaceae.
Zygophyllaceae are divided into five subfamilies. Molecular phylogenies of the family were published in 2000 and 2018. Phylogenies of groups within the family, particularly the predominantly southern African species of Zygophylloideae have also been published.
Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:
{{Clade|style=line-height:75%;
|label1=Zygophyllales
|1={{clade
|1=Krameriaceae (outgroup)
|label2=Zygophyllaceae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Morkillioideae
|1={{clade
|1=Sericodes
|2={{clade
|1=Viscainoa
|2=Morkillia
}}
}}
|label2=Tribuloideae
|2={{clade
|1=Sisyndite
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Balanites
|2={{clade
|1=Kallstroemia
|2={{clade
|1=Tribulopis
|2={{clade
|1=Kelleronia
|2=Tribulus
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Seetzenioideae
|1=Seetzenia
|2={{clade
|label1=Larreoideae
|1={{clade
|1=Guaiacum
|2={{clade
|1=Porlieria
|2={{clade
|1=Bulnesia
|2={{clade
|1=Pintoa
|2=Larrea
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Zygophylloideae
|2={{clade
|1=Tetraena
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Roepera
|2={{clade
|1=Augea
|2={{clade
|1=Melocarpum
|2=Fagonia
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
References
{{Reflist|refs=
{{cite journal |vauthors=Sheahan MC, Chase MW |year=2000 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships within Zygophyllaceae Based on DNA Sequences of Three Plastid Regions, with Special Emphasis on Zygophylloideae |journal=Syst Bot |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=371–384 |doi=10.2307/2666648 |jstor=2666648|bibcode=2000SysBo..25..371S |s2cid=85576133 }}
}}
External links
- [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamZygophyllaceae.html Family Zygophyllaceae] Flowers in Israel
- [http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_Zygophyllaceae.php Chilean Zygophyllaceae] Chileflora
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q155982}}
{{authority control}}