abductor pollicis longus muscle

The abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the supinator and is sometimes united with it. It arises from the lateral part of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna,{{Citation|last1=Focks|first1=Claudia|title=Chapter 4 - Acupuncture Points of the Twelve Primary Channels|date=2008-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443100284500072|work=Atlas of Acupuncture|pages=79–462|editor-last=Focks|editor-first=Claudia|place=Edinburgh|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-044310028-4.50007-2|isbn=978-0-443-10028-4|access-date=2020-10-22|last2=März|first2=Ulrich}} below the insertion of the anconeus, from the interosseous membrane, and from the middle third of the dorsal surface of the body of the radius.Gray's Anatomy (1918), see infobox

Passing obliquely downward and lateralward, it ends in a tendon, which runs through a groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, accompanied by the tendon of the extensor pollicis brevis.

The insertion is divided into a distal, superficial part and a proximal, deep part. The superficial part is inserted with one or more tendons into the radial side of the base of the first metacarpal bone, and the deep part is variably inserted into the trapezium, the joint capsule and its ligaments, and into the belly of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) or opponens pollicis.{{Harvnb|van Oudenaarde|Oostendorp|1995}}

The abductor pollicis longus muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve, which is a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve after it passes through the supinator muscle. Abductor pollicis longus lies close to the radial nerve.{{Citation|last=Bouche|first=P.|title=Chapter 19 - Compression and entrapment neuropathies|date=2013-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444529022000199|journal=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=115|pages=311–366|editor-last=Said|editor-first=Gérard|series=Peripheral Nerve Disorders|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00019-9|pmid=23931789|isbn=9780444529022|access-date=2020-10-22|editor2-last=Krarup|editor2-first=Christian}} The posterior interosseous nerve is derived from spinal segments C7 & C8.{{Cite web

| title = Abductor pollicis longus

| publisher = GPnotebook

| url = http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=731512832

| access-date = 25 September 2016

}}

Abductor pollicis longus is supplied by the posterior interosseous artery.

An accessory abductor pollicis longus (AAPL) tendon is present in more than 80% of people, and a separate muscle belly is present in 20% of people. In one study, the accessory tendon was inserted into the trapezium (41%); proximally on the abductor pollicis brevis (22%) and opponens pollicis brevis (5%); had a double insertion on the trapezium and thenar muscles (15%); or the base of the first metacarpal (1%).{{Harvnb|Bravo|Barco|Bullón|2010| loc=Results}}. For a dissection example see [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586286/figure/F3/ Fig. 3] in {{Harvnb|Hazani|Engineer|Cooney|Wilhelmi|2008}} Up to seven tendons have been reported in rare cases.{{Harvnb|Mehta|Arora|Suri|Rath|2009| loc=Discussion}}

Multiple APL tendons can be regarded as a functional advantage since injured tendons can be compensated by the healthy ones.{{Harvnb|Mehta|Arora|Suri|Rath|2009| loc=Conclusions}}

The chief action of abductor pollicis longus is to abduct the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, thereby moving the thumb anteriorly. It also assists in extending and rotating the thumb.{{Cite web

|title = Abductor pollicis longus

|publisher = PT Central

|url = http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclearms.html#abductor%20pollicis%20longus

|year = 1998

|access-date = 25 September 2016

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204112837/http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclearms.html#abductor%20pollicis%20longus

|archive-date = 2012-02-04

|url-status = dead

}}

By its continued action, it helps to abduct the wrist (radial deviation) and flex the hand.

The APL insertion on the trapezium and the APB origin on the same bone is the only connection between the thumb's intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.{{efn|The extrinsic thumb muscles are those originating in the forearm: extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis longus, and abductor pollicis longus. The intrinsic thumbs muscles originates in the hand: opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis.}} As the thumb is brought into action, these two muscles must coordinate to keep the trapezium stable in the carpus, which is important for the proper functioning of the thumb (i.e. precision and power grip.){{Harvnb|van Oudenaarde|1991| loc=Introduction}}

The only primates to have an APL completely separated from the extensor pollicis brevis are modern humans and gibbons.{{Harvnb|Aversi-Ferreira|Maior|Carneiro-e-Silva|Aversi-Ferreira|2011|loc=Results and Discussion}} In gibbons, however, the APL originates proximally on the radius and ulna, whereas it originates in the middle part of these bones in crab-eating monkeys, bonobos, and humans. In all these primates, the muscle is inserted onto the base of the first metacarpal and sometimes onto the trapezium (siamangs and bonobos) and thumb sesamoids (crab-eating monkeys).{{Harvnb|Michilsens|Vereecke|D'Août|Aerts|2009}}

In chimpanzees, the APL flexes the thumb rather than extending it like in modern humans. Compared to the wrists of chimpanzees, the human wrist is derived (compared to the Pan-Homo LCA) in having considerably longer muscle moment arms for a range of hand muscles. It is possible that these differences are due to the supinated position of the trapezium in humans which, in its turn, is a result of the expansion of the trapezoid on the side of the palm.{{Harvnb|Tocheri|Orr|Jacofsky|Marzke|2008| loc=The evolution of the hominin hand as evidenced by the fossil record}}

A small, lens-shaped radial sesamoid embedded into the APL tendon is a primitive state found in all known Carnivora genera except in the red and giant pandas and the extinct Simocyon where it is hypertrophied (enlarged) into a sixth digit or a so-called "false thumb", a derived trait that first appeared in ursids.{{Harvnb|Salesa|Antón|Peigné|Morales|2006}} The APL sesamoid is present in all non-human primates, but only in about half of gorillas, and normally absent in humans.{{Harvnb|Le Minor|1994| loc=Abstract}}

File:Slide1RRRRR.JPG|Abductor pollicis longus muscle

File:Slide8RRRRR.JPG|Abductor pollicis longus muscle

File:Slide1SSSS.JPG|Abductor pollicis longus muscle

File:Slide7SSSS.JPG|Abductor pollicis longus muscle

File:Slide2TTTT.JPG|Abductor pollicis longus muscle

File:Slide6TTTT.JPG|Abductor pollicis longus muscle

File:Slide11TTTT.JPG|Abductor pollicis longus muscle

File:Slide2TAT.JPG|Muscle of the hand. Posterior view.

• Extensor pollicis longus
• De Quervain syndrome
• Bennett's fracture

{{notelist}}

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Category:Muscles of the upper limb