acyl halide

On an industrial scale, the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride produces a mixture of acetyl chloride and acetic acid:{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a01_045|title=Acetic Acid|year=2000|last1=Cheung|first1=Hosea|last2=Tanke|first2=Robin S.|last3=Torrence|first3=G. Paul|isbn=3527306730}}

:{{chem2|(CH3CO)2O + HCl -> CH3COCl + CH3CO2H}}

Common syntheses of acyl chlorides also entail the reaction of carboxylic acids with phosgene, thionyl chloride,{{cite journal|last1=Helferich|first1=B.|last2=Schaefer|first2=W.|title=n-Butyrl chloride|journal=Organic Syntheses|date=1929|volume=9|page=32|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.009.0032}} and phosphorus trichloride{{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=C. F. H.|last2=Barker|first2=W. E.|title=Desoxybenzoin|journal=Organic Syntheses|date=1932|volume=12|page=16|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.012.0016}} Phosphorus pentabromide is used for acyl bromides, which are rarely of value.

Benzoyl chloride is produced from benzotrichloride using either water or benzoic acid:{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a03_555|title=Benzoic Acid and Derivatives|year=2000|last1=Maki|first1=Takao|last2=Takeda|first2=Kazuo|isbn=3527306730}}

:{{chem2|C6H5CCl3 + H2O -> C6H5COCl + 2 HCl}}

:{{chem2|C6H5CCl3 + C6H5CO2H -> 2 C6H5COCl + HCl}}

As with other acyl chlorides, it can be generated from the parent acid and other chlorinating agents phosphorus pentachloride or thionyl chloride.

Representative laboratory routes to aromatic acyl halides are comparable to those for aliphatic acyl halides.{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Roger|title=p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride|journal=Organic Syntheses|date=1923|volume=3|page=75|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.003.0075}} For example, chloroformylation, a specific type of Friedel-Crafts acylation which uses formaldehyde as a reagent{{citation needed|reason=The Friedel-Crafts article link doesn't discuss this reaction variation. Blanc chloromethylation matches this description but doesn't produce this product.|date=February 2016}}, or by the direct chlorination of benzaldehyde derivatives.{{cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=H. T.|last2=Taylor|first2=E. R.|title=o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride|journal=Organic Syntheses|date=1929|volume=9|page=34|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.009.0034}}

Of commercial interest, acyl chlorides react with HF to give acyl fluorides.{{cite journal |vauthors=Olah G, Kuhn S | year = 1961 | title = Preparation of Acyl Fluorides with Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride. The General Use of the Method of Colson and Fredenhagen | journal = J. Org. Chem. | volume = 26 | pages = 237–238 | doi = 10.1021/jo01060a600 }} Aromatic (as well as aliphatic) acyl fluorides are conveniently prepared directly from carboxylic acids, using stable, inexpensive commodity chemicals: {{chem2|PPh3}}, NBS and {{chem2|Et3N\-3HF}} in a bench-top protocol.{{Cite journal|last1=Munoz|first1=Socrates B.|last2=Dang|first2=Huong|last3=Ispizua-Rodriguez|first3=Xanath|last4=Mathew|first4=Thomas|last5=Prakash|first5=G. K. Surya|date=2019-03-15|title=Direct Access to Acyl Fluorides from Carboxylic Acids Using a Phosphine/Fluoride Deoxyfluorination Reagent System|journal=Organic Letters|volume=21|issue=6|pages=1659–1663|doi=10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00197|pmid=30840474|s2cid=73481495 |issn=1523-7060|url=https://figshare.com/articles/Direct_Access_to_Acyl_Fluorides_from_Carboxylic_Acids_Using_a_Phosphine_Fluoride_Deoxyfluorination_Reagent_System/7811516}} Cyanuric fluoride converts carboxylic acids to acyl fluorides.{{cite journal |author1=George A. Olah |author2=Masatomo Nojima |author3=Istvan Kerekes | year = 1973 | title = Synthetic Methods and Reactions; IV. Fluorination of Carboxylic Acids with Cyanuric Fluoride | journal = Synthesis | pages = 487–488 | issue = 8 | doi = 10.1055/s-1973-22238 | volume = 1973 }}

Carboxylic acids react with sulfur tetrafluoride to give the acyl fluoride:{{cite book |doi=10.1002/0471264180.or021.01 |chapter=Fluorination by Sulfur Tetrafluoride |title=Organic Reactions |date=2011 |last1=Boswell |first1=G. A. |last2=Ripka |first2=W. C. |last3=Scribner |first3=R. M. |last4=Tullock |first4=C. W. |pages=1–124 |isbn=978-0-471-26418-7 }}

:{{chem2|SF4 + RCO2H → SOF2 + RC(O)F + HF}}

Acyl bromides and iodides are synthesized accordingly but are less common.{{Cite journal|last1=Keinan|first1=Ehud|last2=Sahai|first2=M.|date=June 1990|title=Diiodosilane. 3. Direct synthesis of acyl iodides from carboxylic acids, esters, lactones, acyl chlorides and anhydrides|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00299a042|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|language=en|volume=55|issue=12|pages=3922–3926|doi=10.1021/jo00299a042|issn=0022-3263}}

Acyl halides are rather reactive compounds often synthesized to be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds. For example, an acyl halide can react with:

• water, to form a carboxylic acid. This hydrolysis is the most heavily exploited reaction for acyl halides as it occurs in the industrial synthesis of acetic acid.

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• an alcohol to form an ester

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• an amine to form an amide

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• an aromatic compound, using a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl₃, to form an aromatic ketone. See Friedel-Crafts acylation.
• carboxylic acids to form an organic acid anhydrides.{{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=C. F. H.|last2=Kibler|first2=C. J.|last3=McLachlin|first3=D. M.|last4=Wilson|first4=C. V.|title=Acid Anhydrides|journal=Organic Syntheses|date=1946|volume=26|pages=1–3 |doi=10.15227/orgsyn.026.0001|pmid=20280752 }}

In the above reactions, HX (hydrogen halide or hydrohalic acid) is also formed. For example, if the acyl halide is an acyl chloride, HCl (hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid) is also formed.

Image:Adipoyl chloride.png

A molecule can have more than one acyl halide functional group. For example, "adipoyl dichloride", usually simply called adipoyl chloride, has two acyl chloride functional groups; see the structure at right. It is the dichloride (i.e., double chloride) of the 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid adipic acid. An important use of adipoyl chloride is polymerization with an organic di-amino compound to form a polyamide called nylon or polymerization with certain other organic compounds to form polyesters.

Phosgene (carbonyl dichloride, Cl–CO–Cl) is a very toxic gas that is the dichloride of carbonic acid (HO–CO–OH). Both chlorine atoms in phosgene can undergo reactions analogous to the preceding reactions of acyl halides. Phosgene is used a reactant in the production of polycarbonate polymers, among other industrial applications.

Volatile acyl halides are lachrymatory because they can react with water at the surface of the eye producing hydrohalic and organic acids irritating to the eye. Similar problems can result if one inhales acyl halide vapors. In general, acyl halides (even non-volatile compounds such as tosyl chloride) are irritants to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes.

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Category:Functional groups