aerial bomb

Aerial bombs include a vast range and complexity of designs. These include unguided gravity bombs, guided bombs, bombs hand-tossed from a vehicle, bombs needing a large specially-built delivery-vehicle, bombs integrated with the vehicle itself (such as a glide bomb), instant-detonation bombs, or delay-action bombs.

As with other types of explosive weapons, aerial bombs aim to kill and injure people or to destroy materiel through the projection of one or more of blast, fragmentation, radiation or fire outwards from the point of detonation.

File:German_WW2_Bombs.jpg. From left to right: explosive, 250 kg concrete practice bomb, 50 kg concrete practice bomb.]]

The first bombs delivered to their targets by air were single bombs carried on unmanned hot air balloons, launched by the Austrians against Venice in 1849 during the First Italian War of Independence.{{cite book|last=Millbrooke|first=Anne|title=Aviation History|publisher=Jeppesen|year=2006|pages=1–20|isbn=0-88487-235-1}}

The first bombs dropped from a heavier-than-air aircraft were grenades or grenade-like devices. Historically, the first use was by Giulio Gavotti on 1 November 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War.{{cite book |last=Grant |first=R.G. |title=Flight - 100 Years of Aviation |pages=59 |publisher=Dorling-Kindersley Limited |year=2004 |isbn=9780751337327}}{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Christopher |title=The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 |pages=243 |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2013 |isbn=9780062199225}}: "Bombs were dropped in small numbers from aeroplanes too, though this was an awkward business, since the aviator had somehow to steer the machine while gripping the bomb between his knees and using his free hand to insert the fuse, before aiming it at the troops below."

In 1912, during the First Balkan War, Bulgarian Air Force pilot Hristo Toprakchiev suggested the use of aircraft to drop "bombs" (called grenades in the Bulgarian army at this time) on Turkish positions.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Captain Simeon Petrov developed the idea and created several prototypes by adapting different types of grenades and increasing their payload.[https://web.archive.org/web/20030219175331/http://aviation.zonebg.com/istoria/balcan-war/index.php Who was the first to use an aircraft as a bomber?] (in Bulgarian; photographs of 1912 Bulgarian air-dropped bombs)

On 16 October 1912, observer Prodan Tarakchiev dropped two of those bombs on the Turkish railway station of Karaağaç (near the besieged Edirne) from an Albatros F.2 aircraft piloted by Radul Milkov, for the first time in this campaign.[https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/histechintel.htm A Brief History of Air Force Scientific and Technical Intelligence] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230215249/https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/histechintel.htm |date=30 December 2008 }}{{cite magazine|title=The Balkan Wars: Scenes from the Front Lines|url=https://world.time.com/2012/10/08/the-balkan-wars-scenes-from-the-frontlines/photo/bulgarian-bomber/|magazine=Time|date=8 October 2012|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327234541/http://world.time.com/2012/10/08/the-balkan-wars-scenes-from-the-frontlines/photo/bulgarian-bomber/|archive-date=27 March 2016}}I.Borislavov, R.Kirilov: The Bulgarian Aircraft, Vol.I: From Bleriot to Messerschmitt. Litera Prima, Sofia, 1996 (in Bulgarian)

During the Mexican Revolution, US inventor Lester P. Barlow convinced General Pancho Villa of the insurgent Villista forces to purchase a plane from which bombs were dropped on trains carrying on Mexican Federal troops. Although the bombs were weak, they launched Barlow's career as an explosives inventor.{{Cite news |date=6 September 1967 |title=Lester P. Barlow Is Dead at 80; Built World War I Aerial Bomb |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/09/06/90401164.html |url-access=subscription |work=New York Times |via=TimesMachine}}{{Cite news |date=5 October 1940 |title=They started here; LESTER BARLOW, Soldier of Fortune |url=http://iagenweb.org/cerrogordo/bios/StartedHere/cg_bio_started_barlowlesterpence.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323210015/https://iagenweb.org/cerrogordo/bios/StartedHere/cg_bio_started_barlowlesterpence.htm |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=The Globe Gazette |pages=18 |via=iagenweb.org}}

File:Luftwaffe 1kg Incendiary Bomb.jpg

File:British Grand Slam bomb.jpg "Grand Slam" earthquake bomb used towards the end of World War II]]

Aerial bombing saw widespread use during World War Two. A precursor was the 1937 bombing of Guernica by the Nazi German Luftwaffe and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria at the behest of Francisco Franco.{{Cite web |title=Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 9 |url=https://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/03-14-46.htm#Goering2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231200445/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/03-14-46.htm |archive-date=31 December 2006 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Yale Law School}} The bombs used were a mix of high-explosive bombs and {{convert|1|kg|abbr=on}} incendiaries, that Germany would later use also against the UK.

As part of The Blitz Nazi-Germany's Coventry Blitz set a benchmark for destruction that caused Joseph Goebbels to later use the term coventriert ("coventried") to describe similar levels of destruction of enemy cities.

While a single raid of the Coventry Blitz killed almost 600 people, later allied raids using conventional aerial bombs each killed up to tens of thousands of people, with the bombing of Dresden and the bombing of Hamburg as notable examples.

The final stages of World War Two saw the most lethal air raid in history, the bombing of Tokyo where possibly 100,000 or more were killed primarily by incendiary bombs.{{cite web |url=https://www.ellsworth.af.mil/News/story/id/123192125/ |title=This month in history: The firebombing of Dresden |author=Technical Sergeant Steven Wilson |date=25 February 2010 |work=Ellsworth Air Force Base |publisher=United States Air Force |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929013643/http://www.ellsworth.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123192125 |archive-date=29 September 2011}} The majority of these incendiary bombs were the {{convert|500|lb|kg|adj=on}} E-46 cluster bomb which released 38 M-69 oil-based incendiary bombs at an altitude of {{convert|2500|ft|m|abbr=on}}.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr6nn47tDOUC&pg=PA33 |pages=34–35 |title=No Strategic Targets Left |last=Bradley |first=F.J. |location=Paducah, Kentucky |publisher=Turner Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=9781563114830}}

The end of World War Two was brought about with the aerial, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people and which remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict.

File:Boeing B-52 dropping bombs.jpg

An example of extensive use of aerial bombs after World War Two is the U.S. aerial bombing during the Vietnam War, where the amount of bombs dropped was more than three times what the USA dropped during World War II in Europe and Asia.

File:F-100D_308TFS_31TFW_TuyHoa_1966.jpg being loaded with M117 bombs during the Vietnam War]]

Aerial bombs typically use a contact fuze to detonate the bomb upon impact, or a delayed-action fuze initiated by impact.

File:FliegerbombensprengungMuenchen2012.ogv, München in August 2012]]

Not all bombs dropped detonate; failures are common. It was estimated that during the Second World War about 10% of German bombs failed to detonate, and that Allied bombs had a failure rate of 15% or 20%, especially if they hit soft soil and used a pistol-type detonating mechanism rather than fuzes.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/23/allied-bombs-still-threaten-hamburg-ww2 |title='They haven't lost their potency': Allied bombs still threaten Hamburg |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 April 2018 |author=Brian Melican |access-date= 23 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423090434/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/23/allied-bombs-still-threaten-hamburg-ww2 |archive-date=23 April 2018}} A great many bombs were dropped during the war; thousands of unexploded bombs which may be able to detonate are discovered every year, particularly in Germany, and have to be defused or detonated in a controlled explosion, in some cases requiring evacuation of thousands of people beforehand, see World War II bomb disposal in Europe. Old bombs occasionally detonate when disturbed, or when a faulty time fuze eventually functions, showing that precautions are still essential when dealing with them.

• Aerial bombing of cities
• Area bombardment
• Bomber
• Explosive weapons
• Strategic bombing
• Tactical bombing

;Types of aerial bomb:

• Cluster bomb
• Concrete bomb
• Earthquake bomb
• Incendiary bomb
• General-purpose bomb
• Gravity (dumb) bomb
• Guided (smart) bomb
• Nuclear bomb

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.britannica.com/technology/bomb-weapon#ref103516 "bomb"] at Encyclopædia Britannica

{{Commons category}}

Category:Bombs

Category:Explosive weapons