aerial skiing

Skiers begin at the top of a large hill and ski down a slope (known as an inrun) to launch themselves off one of two or three vertically inclined kickers. They may select which kicker to use for their specific jump as kickers vary in inclination and height. After launching themselves off the kicker, skiers then complete several twists and flips before attempting to land upwards on a declining hill of prepared snow. Jumps are scored by a panel of judges.

Aerial skiing competitions takes place at an aerials site which must follow standards set by the International Ski Federation (FIS). These include the inrun being at an angle of 25° and {{convert|70|m|ft}} long, and the landing hill being at an angle of 38° and {{convert|25|to|30|m|ft}} long.{{cite web|title=The International Snowboard / Freestyle / Freeski Competition Rules (ICR)|url=https://assets.fis-ski.com/image/upload/v1639771459/fis-prod/assets/SBFSFK_NEW_ICR_clean_winter_2021.pdf|publisher=International Ski Federation|access-date=July 2, 2022|pages=99-116|format=PDF|date=December 17, 2021}} Kickers range from {{convert|8|to|20|ft|m}} tall, with the tallest kickers launching skiers {{convert|45|to|50|ft|m}} above the landing hill.{{cite web|last=Saarela|first=Elise|title=Aerial Skiing 101|url=https://www.usskiandsnowboard.org/news/aerial-skiing-101|publisher=US Ski and Snowboard|access-date=July 3, 2022|date=January 29, 2020}}

The skis used in aerials are generally lighter and shorter than other skis which makes them easier to control during the jumps; the tails and tips are also more flexible than regular skis. All competitors must wear a ski helmet while competing.{{cite web|title=Freestyle Skiing - Essentials|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/freestyle-skiing-essentials-1.791826|website=CBC|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=July 2, 2022|date=December 4, 2009}}

Performing a somersault on skis has origins in 1906 with the development of "stunt skiing",Lund, Einar (1941) “The Somersault in 1906” American Ski AnnualMatteson, Sumner (1908) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yJjNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA400 National Ski Tournament] Hearst's Magazine-World Today, Vol 14 #4:400[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92053934/1915-02-20/ed-1/seq-10/ Looping the Loop on Skis] Rock Island Argus, 1915-02-20 pg 10 while aerials as a discipline was popularized in the 1950s by Olympic gold medalist Stein Eriksen.{{cite web|title=Freestyle Skiing 101: Olympic history|url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/freestyle-skiing-101-olympic-history|publisher=NBC Olympics|access-date=July 2, 2022|date=October 12, 2021}}Miller, Peter (1973) [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZYohunRkSIC&pg=PA47 Cult, Philosophy, Sport, Art Form: Freestyle Skiing is American Made] Ski Vol 38 #2:47-49, 109, 111Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8NMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present] Oxford University Press {{ISBN|9780195131956}} pg 360

Aerials events have featured since the first FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup in 1980 and FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships in 1986.

Freestyle skiing was recognized as a sport by the International Ski Federation in 1979 and was initially added to the 1988 Winter Olympics as a demonstration event. After appearing as a demonstration event for the 1988 and 1992 Winter Olympics, aerials became a full medal event since the 1994 Winter Olympics.{{cite web|title=History|url=http://gbaerialski.org.uk/history|website=GB Aerial Ski|access-date=July 2, 2022}}

At the 2022 Winter Olympics, the mixed team aerials was added as a medal event. The event involves three skiers (with at least one of each gender) competing as a team, with their individual scores being added together to form a team score.{{cite web |title=U.S. wins gold in Olympics' first mixed team aerials event|url=https://www.espn.com.au/olympics/story/_/id/33258947/us-wins-gold-olympics-first-mixed-team-aerials-event|publisher=ESPN|access-date=July 3, 2022|date=February 11, 2022}}

During summer months, aerialists train by performing jumps off specially constructed water ramps and landing in a swimming pool.{{cite web|last=Lowrey|first=Tom|title=How aerial skiers train for those death-defying tricks without breaking bones|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-08/how-aerial-skiers-train-for-death-defying-tricks/9125632|website=ABC News|access-date=July 2, 2022|date=November 8, 2017}} Aerialists may also use trampolines to practice techniques specific to aerials such as a straight body position.{{cite web|last=Gunston|first=Jo|title=From grounded to flying, how do freestyle skiers learn tricks?|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/grounded-to-flying-how-freestyle-skiers-learn-tricks|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=July 2, 2022}}

In competitions, jumps are evaluated by a panel of five judges. Each judge gives a score for three components: air (out of 2.0), form (out of 5.0) and landing (out of 3.0). The high and low scores for each component are then discarded and the three scores in each component are summed to give the total judge's score out of 30. The total judge's score is then multiplied by the jump's degree of difficulty (ranging from 2.050 to 5.300{{efn|name=Difficulty|For men, degree of difficulty scores range from 2.050 to 5.000 while scores range from 2.050 to 5.300 for women.{{cite web|title=Aerial Jump Code and Degree of Difficulty Chart|url=https://assets.fis-ski.com/image/upload/v1540908679/fis-prod/Aerial_Jump_Code_and_Degree_of_Difficulty_Chart.pdf|publisher=International Ski Federation|access-date=July 3, 2022|date=August 20, 2018}} However, the degree of difficulty is capped to 5.0 for Olympic events.}}) to determine the final score. Final scores are truncated to two decimal places.

Air includes optimal take-off, height, distance and trajectory of a jump. Form includes positioning of the body, precision of performance, balance, mechanics and stability while in the air as well as the timing of the jump. Landing includes body position, ski snow contact on impact, compression, any body contact with the snow and exiting to the finish area.{{cite web|title=FIS Freestyle Skiing Judging Handbook (Edition October 2018)|url=https://assets.fis-ski.com/image/upload/v1540187845/fis-prod/Freestyle_Skiing_Judging_Handbook.pdf|publisher=International Ski Federation|access-date=July 2, 2022|pages=5-14|format=PDF|date=October 2018}} Competitors must perform the jump they indicated beforehand.

Each of the approved jumps is pre-assigned a degree of difficulty score. In general, the greater number of flips and twists a jump contains, the higher the degree of difficulty will be.{{cite web|last=Pattison|first=Andrew|title=Aerial Skiing - how is it judged?|url=https://www.olympics.com.au/news/aerial-skiing-how-is-it-judged/|publisher=Australian Olympic Committee|access-date=July 3, 2022 |date=February 14, 2018}}

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Category:Freestyle skiing

Category:Types of skiing