agency shop

An agency shop is a form of union security agreement where the employer may hire union or non-union workers, and employees need not join the union in order to remain employed.Pynes, Joan. Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7879-7078-6}}{{page needed|date=November 2011}} However, the non-union worker must pay a fee to cover collective bargaining costs. The fee paid by non-union members under the agency shop is known as the "agency fee".Guerin, Lisa and DelPo, Amy. The Manager's Legal Handbook. Rev. 4th ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Nolo, 2007. {{ISBN|1-4133-0718-3}}{{page needed|date=November 2011}}; {{cite journal |last1=Mc Closkey |first1=Margie Ransom |last2=Rubin |first2=Richard S. |title=Union Security in the Public Sector: Types, Problems, Trends |journal=The Journal of Collective Negotiations |volume=6 |issue=4 |year=1977 |pages=1 |doi=10.2190/UJAU-1DJJ-0H1C-NBRJ}}{{cite book|last=Mauer|first=Michael|title=The Union Member's Complete Guide: Everything You Want—and Need—to Know About Working Union|location=Annapolis, Md.|publisher=Union Communication Services, Inc.|year=2001|isbn=0-9659486-1-7|pages=26–28}}

Where the agency shop is illegal, as is common in labor law governing American public sector unions, a "fair share provision" may be agreed to by the union and the employer. The provision requires non-union employees to pay a "fair share fee" to cover the costs of the union's collective bargaining activities. The "fair share" is similar to the agency shop, but usually more restrictive as to what may be charged to the non-member.{{clarify|date=November 2013|reason=If this is the only difference, it needs to be specified.}} In Canada, the agency fee is usually known as the Rand formula.McMenemy, John. The Language of Canadian Politics: A Guide to Important Terms and Concepts. Rev. ed. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-88920-230-3}}{{page needed|date=November 2011}} In the United States, compelling payment of agency fees from non-union employees in the public sector was held unconstitutional in Janus v. AFSCME, in June 2018.

International Labour Organization covenants do not address the legality of agency fee provisions, leaving the question up to each individual nation.[http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/pdconv.pl?host=status01&textbase=iloeng&document=1905&chapter=3&query=(Denmark)+%40ref&highlight=&querytype=bool&context=0 "Case(s) No(s). 188, Report No. 34 (Denmark): Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers' Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604190504/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/pdconv.pl?host=status01&textbase=iloeng&document=1905&chapter=3&query=(Denmark)+@ref&highlight=&querytype=bool&context=0 |date=2011-06-04 }} Document No. 031960034188. Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labor Organization. March 4, 1959. The legal status of agency shop agreements varies widely from country to country, ranging from bans on the agreement to extensive regulation of the agreement to not mentioning it at all.