ahi kā
{{Short description|Māori land right principle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=October 2021}}
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Ahi kā or Ahi kaa (burning fires) is a principle in Māori culture, referring to take whenua (land rights) through visible occupation and use of land. Ahi kā is one of the traditional means to establish mana whenua (authority over land). Extensive continuous occupation is referred to as Aki kā roa.
History
Ahi kā is one of the major principles used to establish mana whenua, alongside other principles which include discovery/exploration (whenua kite hou), ancestral rights (take tupuna), conquest or confiscation (take raupatu) or gifting (take tuku).{{cite web|title=Take whenua – Māori land tenure |first=Paul |last=Meredith |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/take-whenua-maori-land-tenure |website=Te Ara |date=24 November 2008 |access-date=24 October 2021}} Ahi kā refers literally to cooking fires that are continuously tended, however over time visible fire began to symbolise continuous occupation of an area by iwi and hapū (tribes and sub-tribes). Ahi kā traditionally was shown by activities such as maintenance of eel weirs, resource gathering, physical occupation shown by kāinga (villages), pā (forts), and urupā (cemeteries). If land was abandoned or only rarely used, it was referred to as ahi tere (an unstable flame). If an area had been completed abandoned, it was described as ahi mataotao (a cold or extinguished fire).
Ahi kā can also refer to people who occupy an area, left behind to maintain continuous occupation. Traditionally, if an iwi or hapū were defeated in battle and were forced to retreat, a small number of people were often left in the hinterlands of their former lands to tend the fires of occupation. These fires were tended in order to keep the claim of continuous occupation while the group built up strength to retake their former lands.{{Cite book| title=Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou - Struggle Without End |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |first1=Ranginui |last1=Walker |author-link1=Ranginui Walker |isbn=9780143019459 |location=Auckland, New Zealand |edition=2nd |page=71-72}} During the Musket Wars in the 1820s, most people fled the Tāmaki Makaurau Region for safer areas of the country, such as the Waikato Region. Many tribes such as Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki left small numbers of people behind to maintain ahi kā.{{Cite web| date=13 February 2014 | title = The Muddy Creeks Plan - a Local Area Plan for Parau, Laingholm, Woodlands Park and Waimā |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/docswaitakererangesheritagearea/waitakere-ranges-muddy-creeks-plan.pdf | publisher = Auckland Council| access-date = 28 June 2021}}{{Cite web| date=December 2012 |author=Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua | title = Redoubt Road – Mill Road Corridor Project - Appendix I - Maori Values Assessment
|url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/districtplanmanukau/changes/pa76/pa76vol2appi.pdf | publisher = Auckland Council| access-date = 25 October 2021}} During the Ihumātao sale and development protests in the 2010s, the New Zealand Government and Fletcher Construction was criticised for not consulting the ahi kā of Ihumātao (i.e. the Te Ahiwaru Waiohua and Ngāti Mahuta residents of Ihumātao Village).{{Cite web| first1=Frances |last1=Hancock |first2= Tim |last2=McCreanor | title = Much to learn from the ahi kaa of Ihumātao |url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/news/2019/10/02/much-to-learn-from-ah-kaa-ihumatao.html | publisher = University of Auckland |date=2 October 2019 | access-date = 25 October 2021}}
From the 1860s, the Native Land Court (now Māori Land Court) used ahi kā as a principle in settling claims between iwi, however showed a preference for claims of conquest, and allowed hereditary inheritance even in cases where people did not currently live in their ancestral lands. The Waitangi Tribunal continues to use ahi kā as a guiding principle to establish land rights.{{Cite web| date=2017 | title = Horowhenua: The Muaūpoko Priority Report
|url=https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/Horowhenua-Pre-pub-W.pdf | publisher = Waitangi Tribunal| access-date = 25 October 2021}}
References
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Category:Aboriginal title in New Zealand
Category:Indigenous land rights