air travel

Air travel are separated into two general classifications: national/domestic and international flights. Flights from one point to another within the same country are domestic flights. Flights from a point in one country to a point within a different country are international flights. Travelers can use domestic or international flights in either private or public travel.

Travel class on an airplane is usually split into a two, three or four class model service. U.S. domestic flights usually have two classes: economy class and a domestic first class partitioned into cabins. International flights may have up to four classes: economy class; premium economy; business class or club class; and first class.

Most air travel starts and ends at a commercial airport. The typical procedure is check-in; border control; airport security baggage and passenger check before entering the gate; boarding; flying; and pick-up of luggage and – limited to international flights – another border control at the host country's border. Most passengers must go through these steps when flying with a commercial airline. {{Cite web |last=Eksteine-Nizka|first=Kristine |date=2023-05-06 |title=Flying for the first time: step by step instructions |url=https://wanderlustdesigners.com/flying-for-the-first-time-step-by-step/ |website=wanderlustdesigners.com|access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US}}

For longer journeys, air travel may consist of several flights with a layover in between. The number of layovers often depends on the number of hub airports the journey is routed through.

Airlines rely either on the point-to-point model or the spoke-and-hub model to operate flights in between airports. The point-to-point model, often used by low-cost carriers such as Southwest,{{cite web| url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4146046-southwests-low-cost-strategy-good-long-run| title=Is Southwest's Low-Cost Strategy Good For The Long Run?| author=Andrew Cournoyer| date=February 13, 2018| publisher=Seeking Alpha}} relies on scheduling flights directly between destination airports. The spoke-and-hub model, used by carriers such as American{{cite web| url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/07/26/aa-adds-43-nonstop-routes-before-trimming-growth-higher-fuel-costs/841243002/| title=American touts new routes, expansion plans for Dallas and Charlotte| author=Bart Jansen| date=July 26, 2018| publisher=USA Today}} and Delta,{{cite web| url=https://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/delta-history/first-in-the-air| title=Delta First in the Air| publisher=Delta Museum}} relies on scheduling flights to and from hub airports. The hub-and-spoke model allows airlines to connect more destinations and provide more frequent routes, while the point-to-point system allows airlines to avoid layovers and have more cost effective operations.{{cite web| url=https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443&context=jaaer| title=Airline Networks: A Comparison of Hub-and Spoke and Point-to-Point Systems| author=Gerald N. Cook and Jeremy Goodwin| date=Winter 2018| publisher=Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University}}

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{{main|Environmental impact of aviation}}

Modern aircraft consume less fuel per person and mile traveled than cars when fully booked.{{cite web|title=How Bad Is Air Travel for the Environment?

|quote=A large passenger jet may consume five gallons of fuel per mile traveled. Is it possible, then, that planes are more efficient than cars?

|author=Alastair Bland

|publisher=smithsonian.com

|date=September 26, 2012

|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-bad-is-air-travel-for-the-environment-51166834/}}

However, the distances traveled are often significantly larger and will not replace car travel but instead add to it, and not every flight is booked out.

Instead, the scheduled flights are predominant, resulting in a far worse fuel efficiency.{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2013-08-12/air-travel-is-worse-than-a-hummer-with-wings |quote= Almost eight times as many passenger miles are traveled by car as by plane, but passenger car travel only accounts for 3 to 4 times as much greenhouse gas emission. |title= Air Travel Is Worse Than a Hummer With Wings |date= Aug 12, 2013 |author= Megan McArdle|newspaper= Bloomberg.com }}{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2010/sep/09/carbon-emissions-planes-shipping |journal= Guardian |year=2010 |quote= if we focus just on the impact over the next five years, then planes currently account for more global warming than all the cars on the world's roads – a stark reversal of the usual comparison. Per passenger mile, things are even more marked: flying turns out to be on average 50 times worse than driving in terms of a five-year warming impact. |author= Duncan Clark |title= The surprisingly complex truth about planes and climate change }}{{cite journal |title= Specific Climate Impact of Passenger and Freight Transport |journal= Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=44 |issue=15 |pages=5700–5706 |doi= 10.1021/es9039693 |year=2010 |url= http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es9039693/suppl_file/es9039693_si_001.pdf|last1= Borken-Kleefeld |first1= Jens |last2= Berntsen |first2= Terje |last3= Fuglestvedt |first3= Jan |pmid= 20666553 |bibcode= 2010EnST...44.5700B |doi-access= free }}

According to the ATAG, flights produced {{convert|781|e6tonnes|e6LT|abbr=off}} of the greenhouse gas {{CO2}} in 2015 globally, as compared to an estimated total of {{convert|36|e9t|e9LT|abbr=off}} anthropogenic {{CO2}}.{{Cite web | url=https://www.atag.org/facts-figures.html | title=Facts & figures | access-date=2018-07-07 | archive-date=2018-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707100424/https://www.atag.org/facts-figures.html | url-status=dead }} Carbon offset is often proposed as solution to mitigate the {{CO2}} emissions of flying. There are many NGOs that offer to compensate {{CO2}} emissions by advancing clean renewable energy, reducing energy consumption and capturing already released carbon in trees or other plants.[https://offset.climateneutralnow.org/aboutoffsetting United Nations Carbon Offset Platform (n.d.). What is offsetting?]. However, carbon offsetting is a very controversial topic as it only tries to mitigate what has already been emitted.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1539906/Pros-and-cons-of-carbon-offsetting.html The Telegraph (2007). Pros and cons of carbon offsetting].

{{Main|Aviation safety}}

Modern air travel is significantly safer than road travel.{{Cite web|title=Is Air Travel Safer Than Car Travel?|url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/air-travel-safer-car-travel-1581.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Travel Tips - USA Today|language=en}} In 2008 in the United States, there were 1.27 fatalities per 100 million road vehicle miles, compared to no fatalities and almost zero accidents per million flying miles. There were more than five million driving accidents, compared to 20 accidents in flying. Travelers may perceive planes to be more dangerous as they do not allow individual control and because plane crashes are more catastrophic events (the availability bias).

{{Main|Health hazards of air travel}}

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the third-most common vascular disease, next to stroke and heart attack. It is estimated that DVT affects one in 5,000 travelers on long flights.{{cite news |last1=Marchitelli |first1=Rosa |title=Air Canada passenger suffers 'horrible pain' after being stuck in cramped seat |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/shrinking-seats-airplanes-long-haul-flights-blood-clot-health-risk-1.3599406 |access-date= 30 May 2016 |work=CBC |date= 30 May 2016}} Risk increases with exposure to more flights within a short time frame and with increasing duration of flights.{{cite journal |pmid= 17896862 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290 |pmc= 1989755 |volume=4 |issue= 9 |title= The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations |journal= PLOS Med |pages=e290 |last1= Kuipers |first1= S |last2= Cannegieter |first2= SC |last3= Middeldorp |first3= S |last4= Robyn |first4= L |last5= Büller |first5= HR |last6= Rosendaal |first6= FR|year= 2007 |doi-access= free }}

During flight, the aircraft cabin pressure is usually maintained at the equivalent of {{convert|6,000|–|8,000|ft|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Most healthy travelers will not notice any effects. However, for travelers with cardiopulmonary diseases (especially those who normally require supplemental oxygen), cerebrovascular disease, anemia, or sickle cell disease, conditions in an aircraft can exacerbate underlying medical conditions. Aircraft cabin air is typically dry, usually 10%–20% humidity, which can cause dryness of the mucous membranes of the eyes and airways.{{Cite web | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-6-conveyance-and-transportation-issues/air-travel | title=Air Travel - Chapter 6 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC}}

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Category:Types of travel

Category:Civil aviation